Moles and Their Control

A clear, cool evening following one of mid-Missouri’s spring thunderstorms leads you out of the house and into the back yard for a stroll. It’s not long and you find yourself ankle deep in mud and water. You’ve just stepped into a mole run and then start to observe a network of heaved soil and sod that was not there the previous day. You have moles!

While most people have never seen a mole, they are well aware of the damage they cause to lawns and flowerbeds. Most individuals think moles feed primarily on the roots of plants and cause them to die. The truth is, moles feeding on plant material is very limited. It’s the air pockets they create around roots and flower bulbs that cause them to dry out and die. Others will swear by a number of home remedies to control or repel moles. These include such things as human hair, Juicy Fruit gum, poison peanuts, mothballs, flooding tunnels with a garden hose and water (flooding tunnels creates a moist environment favorable for earthworms), a hose connected to a cars exhaust and finally, pets (some dogs and/or cats can be effective).

The Eastern Mole’s (Scalopus aquaticus) range of distribution reaches all of the eastern United States to most of the mid-western states. The entire state of Missouri falls within its’ range.

A mole lives most of its’ life underground and are highly specialized animals for their subterranean way of life. The Eastern Mole is a small, sturdy animal, 5 ½ to 8 inches long, with a somewhat cylindrical body and elongated head. The Eastern Mole is grayish-brown on the back to pale or more brown on the belly. Their velvety fur often has a silvery sheen. Occasionally bright orange or cinnamon-yellow marking will occur. Their fleshy snout serves as a highly sensitive organ of touch and smell to seek out numerous food sources. Their tiny eyes are concealed in fur and covered by fused eyelids; sight is limited to distinguishing light from dark. The greatly enlarged front feet are normally held with the soles vertical and pointing outward. They possess welldeveloped claws that have a specialized bone attached to the wrist, which aids in digging.

Moles construct networks of tunnels in the soil surface. Many of these are built after rains when the mole is in search of new sources of food and are usually not re-used. Digging of surface tunnels normally proceeds at a rate of 1 foot per minute. They tend to feed and rest on two-hour cycles, 24 hours a day. Animal foods constitute about 85 percent of their diet. This includes earthworms (their main source of water) and grubs primarily, however millipedes, centipedes, spiders, sow bugs, snails and slugs are taken in considerable amounts. Moles are insatiable eaters and can consume 70 to 80 percent of their body weight daily. Moles generally move up or down within the soil profile to follow food sources such as earthworms, which move with soil moisture. That is why we do not see much mole activity during a droughty summer, but with spring and fall rains, activity abounds.

Moles also create mounds (called molehills) of soil in the lawn by pushing up soil developing deeper, permanent tunnels and nesting cavities. Mating occurs in the spring with a single annual litter of 2 to 5 young being produced in March, April or the first week of May. High infestations consist of 2 to 3 moles per acre.

Management or Control:
There are products on the market that are available to homeowners and can be purchased at local nurseries or garden centers.

Most products tend to work as a repellant based on castor bean oil as the active ingredient. Many have been tested on the Eastern mole and appear effective on that species, which is our predominant species. These products need to be sprayed (garden hose-end applicator) or granule applied (through a spreader) at regular intervals to maintain a barrier that repels these small mammals to your neighbor. The repellant type products are marketed as natural and safe, but information about effectiveness is mixed. Mole-Med was one of the earliest repellants based on castor bean oil as the active ingredient. Its name may have changed to Chase due to new ownership, available in both liquid and granular form. Other repellants include Scoot Mole, Shotgun Mole & Gopher Repellant, Mole Max, Mole-Out, Whole Control, Schultz Garden Safe Mole Repellant, and many others. All are based on some percentage of caster bean oil as the active ingredient. Formulations vary with each, sprayable or granular. These products will generally treat 5,000 to 10,000 square feet and last one to three months. Many of the ready-to-use products are costing around $15 to $20 per item.

More recent products include several baits that seem to be very effective if applied properly to active feeding runways. Two products called "Kaput Mole Control" (Lesco) and "Moletox Baited Gel" (Bonide) are water-based gels containing warfarin (0.025%) as the active ingredient and flavored like their primary food, earthworms. It is best to locate the active runways as you would for trapping (see below) before placement of the bait. They are both packaged in syringe-type applicators with which the bait is injected into the tunnels. Both claim 98% effectiveness. Usually figure around $20 per syringe.

The latest mole bait registered is "Talpirid" (Bell Laboratories), a bromethalin-based product that actually looks, feels and tastes (so they say) like earthworms. Each worm contains a lethal dose of bromethalin. It is the only mole bait that has submitted efficacy studies to EPA. This product appears to be a higher cost item at around $50 per box or 20 worms.

We can also find some poisonous granular baits of a different class as compared to the previous baits mentioned. These include "Moletox II" and "Mole- Nots", both of which are cracked corn baits laced with 2% zinc phosphide. One teaspoon of material will treat an active tunnel. While some results indicate excellent control with these products, keep in mind that moles do not prefer grains in their diet. A 3.5 ounce bottle will cost around $45 to $50. For the same reason, poison peanuts are not very effective, since we mentioned 85 percent of their diet consists of earthworms and insects. While much more affordable, they are not as effective.

Another granular bait is "Mole Patrol Bait." Mole Patrol is a ready-to-use, pelletized bait highly palatable with unique attractants. This product contains chlorophacinone, a historically sound anticoagulant of the rodenticide industry. Some studies indicate 100% control of moles. A one-pound container can be purchased for less than $10.

The application of soil insecticides for controlling grubs will also control earthworms to some degree, sometimes causing moles to move out. Controlling earthworms is not recommended since they are considered a beneficial organism that aerates the soil and breaks down organic materials. This approach to mole control can present hazards to the environment and can be quite expensive. There are no pesticides registered for killing beneficial earthworms.

Trapping is still one of the most efficient means of controlling moles and anyone can be successful by following a few simple steps.

If you have a mole building mounds, there really isn’t much you can do unless you catch them in the act and move quickly with a spade or shovel. Your success on these, however, is still very limited.

If you have the network of shallow runways used for feeding, then you can do some effective trapping. First, with a small stick or broom handle, poke holes in various runways over the entire network. Come back two hours later and inspect those holes. Find the tunnels with the holes plugged back up and this indicates to you which runways are active feeding tunnels at that time. These are the tunnels that you want to set your traps on. The main key in trapping is to locate the active runways.

Second, select a tunnel to set your trap. There are several types of traps to choose from and simply follow the instructions of the manufacturer to set the trap. The Nash trap (wire hoop type - C) and the Victor "Out O’ Sight" trap (scissors type - A) do work, but seem to be more difficult to set. The Victor "Harpoon or Gig" type trap - (B) has been the most successful trap for us at the MU Turfgrass Research Center. To set, take your foot and push down a four-inch swath of the runway. Before setting the harpoon, push the trap into the soil with the gigs over the runway and move up and down several times to reduce the friction of the soil against the gigs. This will insure a quick and decisive thrust of the harpoon. While the trap is in the soil, pull the harpoon up and lock it in position with the trigger pan (flat plate) slightly touching the depressed runway. Your trap is set. Third, poke a hole in the runway on each side of the trap one foot away, then wait a couple hours or until you notice the trap has been sprung. Fourth, look at the holes on each side of the trap. If one hole is plugged with the trap sprung, then you more than likely caught the mole on that side. This is where you need to be prepared with a spade in hand to retrieve the trap. If both holes are plugged with the trap sprung, then the mole more than likely made it through the trap. Simply reset the trap on the same runway or over another active runway.

Control and trapping moles requires a little time and patience. Your success with controlling moles is dependent on locating active runways and the proper placement of a trap. Additional information on moles can be found in MU Guide #9440, "Controlling Nuisance Moles." The descriptive information on moles was found in "The Wild Mammals of Missouri" by Charles W. Schwartz and Elizabeth R. Schwartz.

Remember
All rodenticides are designed to kill mammals. Take all reasonable precautions to prevent exposure to humans, pets, and nontarget mammals, birds and fish.

Recommendations for the use of agricultural chemicals are included in this publication as a convenience to the reader. Any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by University Outreach and Extension nor discrimination against similar products not mentioned. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine current product labels before applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your University Outreach and Extension Center.

Brad S. Fresenburg Extension/Research Associate
University of Missouri Turfgrass Research