Vol. 17, No. 13 June 29, 2007 Spotted Knapweed: A “New” Weed Problem in Missouri By Kevin Bradley Towards the end of the 2006 growing season, several regional agronomists in the south central and southwestern part of Missouri brought it to my attention that we have a “new” weed in our state that is spreading and developing into a real problem in certain environments. The areas most commonly affected are pastures, hay fields, roadsides, and other right-of-way and non-crop areas. The culprit is known as spotted knapweed (Figure 1), which really isn’t a brand new weed to Missouri but one that wasn’t very noticeable and much of a problem until just recently. Spotted knapweed is listed as a noxious weed in at least 15 other states but is not currently listed as a noxious weed in Missouri. Spotted knapweed is a biennial or short-lived perennial with a pale bluish-green color that commonly grows to 3 or 4 feet in height. Spotted knapweed develops initially as a rosette, then bolts and produces flowers usually sometime in mid- to late-June in Missouri. The distinct color of this weed makes it easily identifiable in pastures or along roadsides even before flowers are produced (Figure 2, Figure 3). Spotted knapweed produces many white to pinkish-purple flowers at the ends of branches and each flower has spotted bracts below it that give the plant its name (Figure 4). There are several other knapweed species such as Russian knapweed and white-flowered knapweed, but so far the majority of infestations that I have seen in Missouri are in fact spotted knapweed, which is probably the most aggressive species in the family. Regional extension agronomists who have been working in south central and southwestern Missouri for many years have indicated to me that even as little as two or three years ago spotted knapweed simply was not present. Unfortunately, these comments give us some insight into the invasive nature of spotted knapweed and how quickly it can take over these kinds of areas. Research conducted by Sheley and Jacobs (1997) indicates that after invading an area, spotted knapweed density can increase dramatically over time while simultaneously causing a decrease in the desirable forage grass in the area. One of the reasons for this is a natural defense allelopathic chemical known as catechin, which is emitted from the roots of spotted knapweed. Catechin acts as a herbicide itself, inhibiting the growth and germination of nearby weeds or desirable forage grasses. Another reason that spotted knapweed can spread and take over an area is that it can typically produce about 1,000 seeds per plant, which are able to survive in the soil for at least 8 years. Cattle also tend to avoid grazing spotted knapweed, presumably due to poor palatability and the bitter tasting compounds present in these plants. Current research indicates that spotted knapweed can reduce grass production anywhere from 60 to 90 percent. Other researchers in Montana have observed a 63 percent reduction in cattle carrying capacity as a result of spotted knapweed infestations. In Missouri, spotted knapweed has not historically been a problem but appears to be spreading. It is clearly a species that is capable of reducing cattle carrying capacity, forage yields, and causing severe economic losses. One of the first strategies we should adopt for spotted knapweed in this state is prevention. Unfortunately, I think we are past the point of prevention in certain regions where spotted knapweed is already established. For the remaining areas, however, successful prevention strategies can keep this weed from becoming a state-wide problem. Spotted knapweed seeds generally fall within 4 feet from the parent plant so wind dispersal is not a significant factor in the spread of this species. Seed can be dispersed long distances by wildlife and livestock, and can be carried long distances in rivers and streams. Additionally, one of the most common methods of dispersal is from contaminated hay or vehicle undercarriages. All of these factors should be considered before moving or purchasing hay, cattle, or equipment from spotted knapweed-infested areas. If you already have spotted knapweed as a problem, cultural controls such as mowing and/or grazing alone are not likely to eliminate an existing infestation. However, sheep and goats will readily graze spotted knapweed and may reduce a stand significantly over time. Mechanical digging or pulling can be an effective method of elimination if you have a very sparse or new infestation, but the entire rootstock must be pulled from the soil in order for this strategy to be effective. For those who already have infestations of spotted knapweed, spot-spraying with herbicides or broadcast sprays over the entire infestation are likely to be the most practical method of eliminating a stand. Previous research indicates that, as a broadcast spray, 1 pint of Tordon 22K per acre applied to spotted knapweed in the spring rosette, fall rosette, bolt, or bud stage of growth will provide good control one year after treatment. Similar levels of spotted knapweed control can be achieved with Milestone at 5 or 7 fluid ounces per acre. Although each of these herbicides are likely to provide 80 to 90 percent control of a spotted knapweed population the year following treatment, there are likely to be some survivors so spot-spraying spotted knapweed escapes will be critical to the overall success of the eradication program. Tordon 22K and Milestone can also be used as higher volume (1 to 2 percent) spot sprays in areas with light spotted knapweed infestations, and for these situations this approach will be much more economical than broadcast sprays over the entire acre. As similar levels of control should be achieved with both products, the decision of which of these herbicides to use should be based on several factors including cost, grazing and haying restrictions and legume replant intervals. In this case, neither of these herbicides have a grazing or haying restriction for beef cattle when used at the rates listed above. If applying Tordon 22K, most legumes will not grow in treated areas for at least 1 year following the application. The legume replant interval for Milestone is likely shorter than this, but as this is a new product, the exact replant interval is largely unknown. In initial research we have conducted in Missouri, little to no legume replant injury was observed one year after a Milestone application of 7 fluid ounces per acre. At this time, however, all that the Milestone label states is that a soil bioassay should be conducted prior to legume establishment. As far as the cost of these herbicides, the 1 pint rate of Tordon 22K will cost approximately $11.50 to $12.00 per acre while the 5 fluid ounce rate of Milestone will cost approximately $14.50 per acre. Keep in mind that these are approximate costs for broadcast sprays and these differences would be almost negligible if spot-spraying smaller areas and treating individual plants. One last consideration is that Milestone is a non-restricted use pesticide, meaning that a pesticide license is not required in order to purchase or apply this herbicide. Kevin Bradley BradleyKe@missouri.edu ********************************************************************** Evaluate Winter Wheat Seed Quality Prior to Planting By Laura Sweets This season has been a stress filled one for the winter wheat crop. Two major ice storms during the winter, the almost record high temperatures for three weeks in late March and early April followed by 4 days of record low temperatures April 4-7, in addition to various insect and disease problems have had a major impact on yield and test weight. The early indications are that yields and test weights may be variable across the state. If wheat is going to be saved for seed, this is certainly a year to pay careful attention to the quality of seed being saved. In particular, low temperature injury may lead to a number of shrunken and shriveled kernels or to blank kernels and thus low germination rates. Loose smut was again an obvious problem in some fields. And Fusarium head blight or scab was a problem in some fields. Therefore, if growers are saving seed to plant, it is critical that they pay special attention to testing the viability of their wheat seed in 2007. The first step is to clean the wheat seed. It is important that wheat seed be cleaned to remove small and damaged seed and to eliminate weed seeds. Removing small and damaged seed will not only aid in crop establishment it will also provide a more uniform wheat seedling stand. Removing small and damaged seed will also increase the thousand-kernel weight (TKW), which serves as a measure of seed quality. Wheat seed lots with TKW values greater than 30 grams tend to have increased fall tiller number and seedling vigor. The next step is to perform a germination test. Germination tests can either be completed at home or by sending a sample to the Missouri Seed Improvement Association. A home test can be performed by counting out 100 seeds and placing them in a damp paper towel. Place the paper towel into a plastic bag to conserve moisture and store in a warm location out of direct sunlight. After five days count the number of germinated seeds that have both an intact root and shoot. This will give the grower an estimate of percent germination. It is important to choose random seeds throughout the entire seed lot and conduct at least five 100 seed counts. The Missouri Seed Improvement Association also performs a germination test. The test requires one pound of seed and costs $13.75. For details email MOSEED@AOL.com or check the Missouri Seed Improvement Association Website at http://www.moseed.org. If germination is below 85 percent it is important to increase the seeding rate to compensate; however seeding any wheat with a germination test below 80 percent would not be recommended. The next step is to decide whether a fungicide seed treatment is necessary. A number of fungicides are labeled for use as seed treatment fungicides on winter wheat. These seed treatment fungicides protect germinating seed and young seedlings from seedborne and soilborne pathogens. Seed treatment fungicides will not improve germination of seed that has been injured by environmental factors and will not resurrect dead seed. A correct assessment of the cause of poor seed quality or poor germination rates is the first step in deciding if a seed treatment fungicide is necessary. As mentioned before loose smut was more common than usual in Missouri wheat fields during the 2007 season. Loose smut is obvious as heads emerge from the boot. All portions of the head except the rachis are converted to masses of dusty black spores. Spores produced on smutted heads are wind carried to adjacent plants in the field and infect those plants through the flowers. Later in the season loose smut is not as obvious as most of the spores on the smutted heads have been dislodged by wind and rain leaving only the bare rachis of the plant. The fungus which causes loose smut survives within the embryo of the wheat seed. The fungus survives as dormant vegetative strands within the embryo. This infection is not visible to the naked eye and will not be picked up in the standard germination test. If infected seed is planted and germinates, the fungus also begins to grow within the plant, and at heading, the fungus is at the growing tip and produces smut spores where the grain kernels should be. If seed from a field that has a “small” amount of smut in one season is used for seed, the field planted with that seed may have a substantially higher level of smut. Management of loose smut is through the planting of disease-free seed or the use of a systemic fungicide seed treatment (see accompanying table of wheat seed treatment fungicides). Growers with considerable loose smut should consider seed treatment on this grain next year, if grain must be used for seed. In wheat, infection levels of 2 percent or greater would indicate that seed treatment would be economic. Fusarium head blight or scab infection may result in shriveled and shrunken kernels, lightweight bleached or tombstone kernels or kernels that have a pinkish cast or discoloration. Lots with high levels of scab may have lower germination rates. The fungus that causes scab can also cause a seedling blight of wheat. If scab infected seed is used for planting, seedling blights and stand establishment problems may occur. Management of Fusarium seedling blight is through the planting of disease-free seed or the use of a fungicide seed treatment effective against seed-borne Fusarium or scab (see accompanying table of wheat seed treatment fungicides). Because scab can decrease germination, a germination test may be especially useful in determining if a particular lot should be used for seed. Laura Sweets SweetsL@missouri.edu ********************************************************************** Seed Treatment Fungicides Labeled for Use on Winter Wheat By Laura Sweets Although seed treatment fungicides can be an effective means of preventing or reducing losses from various seed- and soilborne microorganisms, there are several important laws or guidelines concerning fungicide treated seed. Always read the pesticide label and follow all directions and restrictions on the label but in particular for seed treatment fungicides remember the following points. Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes. All treated seed must be colored with an EPA-approved dye which imparts an unnatural color to the seed. Federal law requires that bags containing treated seed shall be labeled with the following information: “This seed has been treated with (common chemical name of active ingredients) fungicide(s). Do not use treated seed for feed, food or oil purposes. Store away from feeds and food stuffs.” The following table was prepared using current company product labels and manufacturers’ Websites. However, label registrations can change at any time. Before using any agricultural pesticide, read and follow directions accompanying that product. Product names have been used for clarity. Reference to specific trade names does not imply endorsement by the University of Missouri; discrimination is not intended against similar products not listed. Trade Name | Common | Percent | | Additional Company | Chemical | of | | Label | Name | Active | Rate | Information | |Ingredients| | ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------- Allegiance Dry | metalaxyl | 12.50% | 1.5 to 2.0 oz | For Pythium damping-off control. Trace | | | per 100 lb of | Treat only those seeds needed Chemicals LLC | | | seed | for immediate use, minimizing | | | | the interval between | | | | treatment and planting. Do | | | | not carry over excess treated | | | | seed to next season. | | | | Do not use this product on seed | | | | which has been commercially | | | | treated with metalaxyl | | | | (Allegiance) fungicide. | | | | Hopper box seed treatment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------- Allegiance-FL | metalaxyl | 28.35% | 0.75 fl oz | Allegiance-FL is a systemic Bayer | | | per 100 lb of | fungicide seed dressing CropScience | | | seed | specifically for control of | | | | downy mildews, Pythium and | | | | Phytophthora spp. For control | | | | of other soilborne diseases, | | | | combination of Bayer CropScience | | | | Captan and Vitavax registered | | | | formulations are compatible. | | | | Do not use with other seed | | | | treatment products unless | | | | previous experience assures | | | | compatibility. | | | | Reduced rates in combination | | | | with other fungicides: to | | | | aid in the control of seed | | | | decay and damping-off caused | | | | by Pythium, apply 0.10 to | | | | 0.375 fl oz per 100 lb of | | | | seed only in combination with | | | | EPA registered rates of Bayer | | | | CropScience broad-spectrum | | | | seed treatment fungicides. | | | | Allegiance-FL may be applied | | | | as a water-based slurry with | | | | other registered seed treatment | | | | insecticides and fungicides | | | | through standard slurry or | | | | mist-type commercial seed | | | | treatment equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Allegiance LS | metalaxyl | 17.70% | 1.2 fl oz per | Allegiance LS is a systemic Bayer | | | 100 lb of | fungicide seed dressing CropScience | | | seed | specifically for control of | | | | downy mildews, Pythium and | | | | Phytophthora spp. For control | | | | of seedborne and other | | | | soilborne diseases, the | | | | combination of Bayer | | | | CropScience Captan, Thiram | | | | and Vitavax registered | | | | formulations are compatible. | | | | Do not use with other seed | | | | treatment products unless | | | | previous experience assures | | | | compatibility. | | | | Reduced rates in combination | | | | with other fungicides: to aid | | | | in the control of seed decay | | | | and damping-off caused by | | | | Pythium, apply 0.175 to | | | | 0.66 fl oz per 100 lb of | | | | seed only in combination | | | | with EPA registered rates | | | | of Bayer CropScience broad- | | | | spectrum seed treatment | | | | fungicides. | | | | Allegiance LS may be applied | | | | as a water-based slurry with | | | | other registered seed | | | | treatment insecticides and | | | | fungicides through standard | | | | slurry or mist-type | | | | commercial seed treatment | | | | equipment. Allegiance LS may | | | | be applied at planting time | | | | by thoroughly mixing with | | | | seed in the planter box or | | | | by application through on- | | | | farm seed treatment equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Apron XL LS | mefenoxam | 33.30% | 0.32 to 0.64 | Apron XL LS is a systemic Syngenta | | | fl oz per 100 | fungicide seed dressing used | | | lb of seed | specifically for protection | | | | against systemic downy | | | | mildews and diseases caused | | | | by soil-borne Pythium and | | | | Phytophthora spp. When a | | | | rate range is specified, | | | | use higher rates of Apron | | | | XL LS when the disease | | | | pressure is expected to be | | | | high. | | | | For Pythium damping-off | | | | protection in wheat when | | | | applied in combination with | | | | Dividend or other seed | | | | treatment products labeled | | | | for disease control in this | | | | crop: apply Apron XL LS as a | | | | seed treatment at 0.0425 to | | | | 0.085 fl oz per 100 lb of seed. | | | | Apron XL LS may be applied as | | | | a water-based slurry with | | | | other registered seed | | | | treatment insecticides and | | | | fungicides through standard | | | | slurry- or mist-type | | | | commercial seed treatment | | | | equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Captan 30-DD | captan | 28.70% | 1.50 fl oz | Captan 30-DD Seed Protectant Bayer | | | per 100 lb | is a flowable concentrate CropScience | | | of seed | especially formulated for | | | | treatment of seed prior to | | | | storage and planting to | | | | protect seed from molds and | | | | other fungi causing storage | | | | loss and to protect seed from | | | | seedborne and soilborne fungi | | | | which cause seed decay, | | | | damping-off and seedling | | | | blights. Not for control of | | | | bunt or smut diseases of wheat. | | | | This product is to be used in | | | | liquid or slurry treaters. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Captan 400 | captan | 37.40% | 1.5 to 4.0 fl | Captan 400 and Captan 400-C Bayer | | | oz per 100 lb | Seed Protectants are CropScience | | | of seed | flowable concentrates | | | | especially formulated for ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------| treatment of seed prior to Captan 400-C | captan | 37.40% | 1.5 to 4.0 fl | storage and planting to Bayer | | | oz per 100 lb | protect seed from molds and CropScience | | | of seed | other fungi causing storage | | | | loss and to protect seed from | | | | seedborne and soilborne fungi | | | | which cause seed decay, | | | | damping-off and seedling | | | | blights. Not for control of | | | | bunt and smut diseases of | | | | wheat. | | | | Thoroughly mix the recommended | | | | amount of Captan 400 or | | | | 400-C Seed Protectant into | | | | the required amount of water | | | | for the slurry treater | | | | equipment and dilution rate | | | | to be used. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Charter |triticonazole| 2.40% | 3.1 fl oz per | Charter Fungicide is a liquid BASF | | | 100 lb of seed| seed treatment used for the | | | | control of loose smut and | | | | common bunt in wheat; will | | | | generally increase emergence | | | | and plant stands by | | | | controlling seedling blights | | | | and will also suppress early | | | | season infections caused by | | | | Fusarium crown and root rot | | | | and control seed rot and | | | | seed-borne seedling blight | | | | caused by Fusarium sp. | | | | Do not store treated seed for | | | | more than 18 months. | | | | Charter Fungicide may be | | | | applied using standard | | | | commercial seed treatment | | | | equipment or on-farm seed | | | | treatment equipment, but is | | | | not intended for direct | | | | application into a planter | | | | box. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Charter PB |triticonazole| 1.25% | 5.5 fl oz per | Charter PB is a liquid seed BASF | thiram | 12.50% | 100 lb of seed| treatment used for the | | | | control of loose smut and | | | | common bunt in wheat. It will | | | | increase emergence and plant | | | | stands by reducing seed and | | | | soilborne seed rots | | | | (Cochliobolus spp.) seedling | | | | blights (Fusarium spp.) and | | | | damping-off (Pythium spp.). | | | | Charter PB may be applied using | | | | standard commercial seed | | | | treatment equipment ( such | | | | as, but not limited to slurry | | | | or mist-type equipment) or | | | | on-farm seed treament | | | | equipment including “On the | | | | Go” type air seeder treatment | | | | systems. This product is not | | | | intended for direct | | | | application into a planter box. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Dithane DF | mancozeb | 75.00% | 2.3 to 3.5 oz | For control of bunt, damping- Rainshield | | | per 100 lb of | off, seed rots and seedling Dow | | | seed | blights. AgroSciences | | | | May be applied to dry seed with ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------| conventional slurry or mist Dithane M45 | mancozeb | 80.00% | 2.2 to 3.3 oz | seed treating equipment or Dow | | | per 100 lb of | as a planter-box application. AgroSciences | | | seed | ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Dividend |difenoconazole| 32.80% | 0.5 fl oz per | The 0.5 fl oz rate is for Syngenta | | | 100 lb of seed| control of common bunt, dwarf | | | or | bunt, flag smut, seed-borne | | | 1.0 fl oz per | Septoria, loose smut, general | | | 100 lb of seed| seed rots and Fusarium seed | | | | scab and for early season | | | | control of common root rot | | | | and Rhizoctonia root rot. | | | | The 1.0 fl oz rate is for | | | | control of common bunt, dwarf | | | | bunt, flag smut, seed-borne | | | | Septoria, loose smut, general | | | | seed rots and Fusarium seed | | | | scab and for early season | | | | control of common root rot, | | | | Fusarium root rot, Fusarium | | | | crown rot, take-all and | | | | Rhizoctonia root rot as well | | | | as fall season powdery mildew, | | | | leaf rust and Septoria leaf | | | | blotch. Dividend provides | | | | control of the fall season | | | | foliage diseases for the first | | | | six weeks after planting. | | | | For the control of damping-off | | | | of wheat caused by Pythium | | | | spp., the recommended rate of | | | | Dividend must be tank mixed | | | | with Apron XL products. | | | | Green wheat forage may not be | | | | grazed until 55 days after | | | | planting. | | | | Apply Dividend as a water- | | | | based slurry through standard | | | | slurry or mist-type seed | | | | treatment equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Dividend XL |difenoconazole| 16.50% | 1.0 fl oz per | Dividend XL is a combination Syngenta | mefenoxam | 1.38% | 100 lb of seed| of Dividend and Apron XL LS. | | | or | The Apron XL LS provides | | | 2.0 fl oz per | Pythium damping-off activity | | | 100 lb of seed| and the Dividend provides ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------| activity on the remaining Dividend XL RTA |difenoconazole| 3.21% | 2.5 fl oz per | diseases claimed on the label. Syngenta | mefenoxam | 0.27% | 100 lb of seed| The 1.0 fl oz rate of Dividend ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------| Extreme and the 2.5 fl oz Dividend |difenoconazole| 7.73% | 1.0 fl oz per | rate of Dividend XL RTA are Extreme | mefenoxam | 1.93% | 100 lb of seed| for control of common bunt Syngenta | | | | and loose smut | | | | The 1.0 fl oz rate of Dividend | | | | XL is for control of common | | | | bunt, dwarf bunt, flag smut, | | | | seed-borne Septoria, loose | | | | smut, general seed rots, | | | | Fusarium seed scab and Pythium | | | | damping-off and for early | | | | season control of common root | | | | rot and Rhizoctonia root rot. | | | | The 2.0 fl oz rate of Dividend | | | | XL is for control of common | | | | bunt, dwarf bunt, flag smut, | | | | seed-borne Septoria, loose | | | | smut, general seed rots, | | | | Fusarium seed scab and Pythium | | | | damping-off and for early | | | | season control of common root | | | | rot, Fusarium root rot, | | | | Fusarium crown rot, take-all | | | | and Rhizoctonia root rot as | | | | well as fall season powdery | | | | mildew, leaf rust and Septoria | | | | leaf blotch. Dividend XL | | | | provides control of the fall | | | | season foliage diseases for | | | | the first six weeks after | | | | planting. | | | | Green wheat forage may not be | | | | grazed until 55 days after | | | | planting. | | | | Apply Dividend XL or Dividend | | | | Extreme as a water-based | | | | slurry through standard | | | | slurry or mist-type seed | | | | treatment equipment. Dividend | | | | XL RTA is especially formulated | | | | for on-farm treatment, using | | | | standard mechanical slurry- | | | | or mist-type seed treatment | | | | equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Dynasty | azoxystrobin| 9.60% | 0.153 to | Target diseases: seed-borne Syngenta | | | 0.382 fl oz | and soil-borne fungi causing | | | per 100 lb of | decay, damping-off and | | | seed | seedling blight; seedling | | | | damping-off caused by | | | | Rhizoctonia solani, dwarf | | | | bunt and common bunt. | | | | Where appropriate use Dynasty | | | | in combination with Dividend | | | | Extreme and/or Maxim seed | | | | treatment products. | | | | Apply as a water-based slurry | | | | using seed treatment | | | | application equipment that | | | | will provide uniform coverage | | | | on the seed surface. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ FLO-PRO IMZ | imazalil | 31.00% | 0.25 to 0.5 fl| For the control of common root Bayer | | | oz per 100 lb | rot. It is recommended to be CropScience | | | of seed | used in combination with | | | | Vitavax- 200 or other flowable | | | | suspension seed treatments | | | | to provide additional | | | | protection against diseases. | | | | Apply using commercial slurry | | | | or on-farm seed treating | | | | equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Gaucho XT | imidacloprid| 12.70% | 3.4 fl oz per | Early season disease control of Bayer | metalaxyl | 0.82% | 100 lb of seed| Pythium damping-off, stinking CropScience | tebuconazole| 0.62% | | smut, flag smut, loose smut, | | | | early season Septoria disease | | | | complex, early season | | | | Rhizoctonia root rot, early | | | | season common root rot, early | | | | season Fusarium root rot, early | | | | season suppression of powdery | | | | mildew and early season | | | | suppression of leaf rust as well | | | | as control of certain insects. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for 45 days | | | | after planting. | | | | See label for rotational crop | | | | restrictions. | | | | Apply as a slurry treatment | | | | prior to planting. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Grain Guard | mancozeb | 50.00% | 2.0 oz per | For control of bunt of wheat, Trace | | | bushel of seed| and damping-off and seedling Chemicals LLC | | | | blights. | | | | Treat only those seeds needed | | | | for immediate use, minimizing | | | | the interval between treatment | | | | and planting. Do not store | | | | excess treated seeds beyond | | | | planting time. | | | | Apply as a drill-box treatment | | | | mixing thoroughly so all | | | | seeds are covered. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Incentive RTA |difenoconazole| 3.21% | 2.5 fl oz per | Incentive RTA is a combination Agriliance, LLC | mefenoxam | 0.27% | 100 lb of seed| of Incentive and Apron XL LS. | | | or 5.0 fl oz | The Apron XL LS provides | | | per 100 lb of | Pythium damping-off activity | | | seed or 10.0 | and the Incentive provides | | | fl oz per 100 | activity on the remaining | | | lb of seed | diseases claimed on the label. | | | | The 2.5 fl oz rate of Incentive | | | | RTA is for control of common | | | | bunt and loose smut. | | | | The 5.0 fl oz rate of Incentive | | | | RTA is for control of common | | | | bunt, dwarf bunt, flag smut, | | | | seed-borne Septoria, loose smut, | | | | general seed rots, Fusarium | | | | seed scab and Pythium damping- | | | | off and for partial control | | | | of common root rot and | | | | Rhizoctonia root rot. | | | | The 10.0 fl oz rate of Incentive | | | | RTA is for control of common | | | | bunt, dwarf bunt, flag smut, | | | | seed-borne Septoria, loose smut, | | | | general seed rots, Fusarium | | | | seed scab and Pythium damping- | | | | off and for partial control | | | | of common root rot, Fusarium | | | | root rot, Fusarium crown rot, | | | | take-all and Rhizoctonia root | | | | rot as well as fall season | | | | powdery mildew, leaf rust and | | | | Septoria leaf blotch. Incentive | | | | RTA provides control of the | | | | fall season foliage diseases | | | | for the first six weeks after | | | | planting. | | | | Green wheat forage may not be | | | | grazed until 55 days after | | | | planting. | | | | Incentive RTA is especially | | | | formulated for on-farm | | | | treatment, using standard | | | | mechanical slurry- or mist- | | | | type seed treatment equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Kodiak | Bacillus | 2.75% | 0.05 to 0.1 | For suppression of root diseases Concentrate | subtilis | | oz per 100 lb | caused by Fusarium and Pythium. Biological | | | of seed | Contains bacteria which colonize Fungicide | | | | the developing root system, Bayer | | | | suppressing disease organisms CropScience | | | | such as Fusarium and Pythium ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------| that attack root systems. Kodiak | Bacillus | 1.37% | 0.1 to 0.2 fl | When used with a chemical seed Flowable | subtilis | | oz per 100 lb | treatment, the combination Biological | | | of seed | of chemicals and Kodiak Fungicide | | | | provides protection to the Bayer | | | | root for a much longer time CropScience | | | | than with chemicals alone. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------| Kodiak Concentrate and Kodiak Kodiak HB | Bacillus | 0.30% | 4.0 to 8.0 oz | Flowable Biological Fungicides Trace | subtilis | | per 100 lb of | may be applied as a water- Chemicals LLC | | | seed | based slurry with other | | | | registered seed treatment | | | | insecticides and fungicides | | | | through standard slurry or | | | | mist commercial seed treatment | | | | equipment. Do not store mixed | | | | slurries longer than 72 hours. | | | | Kodiak HB is a hopper box seed | | | | treatment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ LSP |thiabendazole| 30.00% | 2.0 to 4.0 fl | For control of seed- and Bayer | | | oz per 100 lb | soilborne common bunt CropScience | | | of seed | (stinking smut). For ready | | | | mix or slurry seed treaters, | | | | disperse 2.0 fl oz of Bayer | | | | CropScience LSP for seedborne | | | | common bunt or 4.0 fl oz per | | | | 100 lb of seed for soilborne | | | | common bunt. | | | | For wheat seed having high | | | | infection levels of seedborne | | | | Fusarium scab, a lower rate | | | | of 0.25 fl oz per 100 lb of | | | | seed is recommended. | | | | Bayer CropScience LSP should | | | | be used as a co-fungicide | | | | combined with Raxil or | | | | Vitavax-based fungicides to | | | | include seed and seedling | | | | protection against the broad | | | | spectrum of diseases associated | | | | with the wheat crop. | | | | For use only by commercial | | | | seed treaters. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Manex | maneb | 37.00% | 3.5 to 5.2 fl | For protection against bunt, DuPont | | | oz per 100 lb | damping-off, seed rots and | | | of seed | seedling blights. | | | | Manex may be applied to dry seed | | | | with conventional slurry or | | | | mist seed treating equipment | | | | or as a planter-box application. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ ManKocide | mancozeb | 15.00% | 4.0 oz per |Target diseases: Pseudomonas Griffin L.L.C. | copper | 46.10% |100 lb of seed | syringae, Xanthomonas | hydroxide | | | translucens and Tilletia caries. | | | | ManKocide may be applied to | | | | dry seed with conventional | | | | slurry or mist seed treating | | | | equipment or as a planter- | | | | box application. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Manzate | mancozeb | 75.00% | 2.2 to 3.3 oz | For protection against bunt, Pro-Stick | | | per 100 lb of | covered smut, damping-off, DuPont | | | seed | seed rots and seedling blights. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------| For commercial seed treatments, Manzate | mancozeb | 37.00% | 3.5 to 5.2 fl | seeds should be clean and Flowable | | | oz per 100 lb | well-cured prior to treatment. Griffin L.L.C. | | | of seed | Apply to dry seed with | | | | conventional slurry or mist | | | | seed treating equipment. | | | | Manzate Pro-Stick may also be | | | | applied as planter-box | | | | applications. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Maxim XL | fludioxonil | 21.00% | 0.167 to | For protection against damping- Syngenta | mefenoxam | 8.40% | 0.334 fl oz | off caused by Fusarium spp., | | | per 100 lb of | Rhizoctonia spp. and Pythium | | | seed | spp. and general seed rots | | | | caused by Aspergillus spp. | | | | and Penicillium spp. and for | | | | protection against Tilletia | | | | (common bunt) Maxim XL at the | | | | 0.084 fl oz may be combined | | | | with labeled rates of Dividend | | | | XL for a broader spectrum of | | | | seedling disease protection. | | | | Apply Maxim XL as a water-based | | | | slurry utilizing standard | | | | slurry seed treatment | | | | equipment which provides | | | | uniform coverage. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Maxim 4FS | fludioxonil | 40.30% | 0.08 to 0.16 | For protection against seed- Syngenta | | | fl oz per 100 | borne and soil-borne fungi | | | lb of seed | that cause seed decay, | | | | damping-off and seedling blight. | | | | Cereal forage may not be grazed | | | | until 30 days after planting. | | | | Apply Maxim 4FS as a water- | | | | based slurry utilizing | | | | standard slurry seed | | | | treatment equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Penncozeb 75DF | mancozeb | 75.00% | 2.3 to 3.5 oz | For control of bunt, damping Cerexagri | | | per 100 lb of | off, seed rots and seedling | | | seed | blights. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|For planter box treatment only. Penncozeb 80WP | mancozeb | 80.00% | 2.2 to 3.3 oz | Cerexagri | | | per 100 lb of | | | | seed | ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Prevail | carboxin | 15.00% | 1.5 to 3.0 oz | For protection against Pythium Trace | PCNB | 15.00% | per bushel | and Rhizoctonia seedling Chemicals LLC | metalaxyl | 3.12% | | disease complex and loose smut | | | | and common bunt or stinking smut. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for six weeks | | | | after planting. | | | | Prevail may be applied at | | | | planting time, utilizing an | | | | on-farm mechanical treater | | | | to maximize seed coverage. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Raxil MD | tebuconazole| 0.48% | 5.0 to 6.5 fl | Aids in the control or Bayer | metalaxyl | 0.64% | oz per 100 lb | suppression of the following CropScience | | | of seed | seed, seedling and soilborne | | | | diseases of wheat: stinking | | | | smut, flag smut, loose smut, | | | | early season Septoria disease | | | | complex, general seed rots, | | | | Pythium damping-off, early | | | | season Rhizoctonia root rot, | | | | early season common root rot, | | | | seedborne Fusarium scab, | | | | early season Fusarium foot | | | | rot, early season suppression | | | | of powdery mildew and rust. | | | | Wheat green forage may be | | | | grazed or harvested for hay | | | | 31 days after seeding. | | | | Applications should be made | | | | using standard slurry or mist- | | | | type seed treatment equipment. | | | | This product is for commercial | | | | or on-farm application. This | | | | product is not intended for | | | | direct application into a | | | | planter box. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Raxil MD Extra | tebuconazole| 0.43% | 5.0 fl oz per | Aids in the control or Bayer | metalaxyl | 0.58% | 100 lb of seed| suppression of the following CropScience | imazalil | 1.00% | | seed, seedling and soilborne | | | | diseases of wheat: stinking | | | | smut, flag smut, loose smut, | | | | early season Septoria disease | | | | complex, general seed rots, | | | | Pythium damping-off, early | | | | season Rhizoctonia root rot, | | | | early season common root rot, | | | | seedborne Fusarium scab, early | | | | season Fusarium foot rot, early | | | | season suppression of powdery | | | | mildew and rust. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for six weeks | | | | after planting. | | | | Applications should be made | | | | using standard slurry or mist- | | | | type seed treatment equipment. | | | | This product is for commercial | | | | or on-farm application. This | | | | product is not intended for | | | | direct application into a | | | | planter box. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Raxil MD-W | imidacloprid| 1.538% | 5.0 fl oz per | Aids in the control or Bayer | tebuconazole| 0.461% | 100 lb of seed| suppression of the following CropScience | metalaxyl | 0.615% | | seed, seedling and soilborne | | | | diseases of wheat: stinking | | | | smut, flag smut, loose smut, | | | | early season Septoria disease | | | | complex, general seed rots, | | | | Pythium damping-off, early | | | | season Rhizoctonia root rot, | | | | early season common root rot, | | | | seedborne Fusarium scab, early | | | | season Fusarium foot rot, | | | | early season suppression of | | | | powdery mildew and rust. | | | | Imidacloprid offers suppression | | | | of wireworm activity on seed | | | | and young seedlings. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for 45 days | | | | after planting. | | | | See label for rotational crop | | | | restrictions. | | | | Applications should be made | | | | using standard slurry or | | | | mist-type seed treatment | | | | equipment. This product is | | | | for commercial or on-farm | | | | application. This product | | | | is not intended for direct | | | | application into a planter box. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Raxil-Thiram | tebuconazole| 0.60% | 3.5 to 4.6 fl | Targeted diseases: stinking Bayer | thiram | 20.00% | oz per 100 lb | smut, flag smut, loose smut CropScience | | | of seed | early season Septoria complex, | | | | general seed rots, Pythium | | | | damping-off, early season | | | | Rhizoctonia root rot, early | | | | season common root rot, | | | | seedborne Fusarium scab, | | | | early season Fusarium foot | | | | rot, early season suppression | | | | of powdery mildew, early | | | | season suppression of wheat | | | | leaf rust. | | | | Wheat green forage may be | | | | grazed or harvested for hay | | | | 31 days after seeding. | | | | Application should be made | | | | using standard slurry or | | | | mist-type seed treatment | | | | equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Raxil XT | tebuconazole| 15.00% | 0.16 to 0.20 | Targeted diseases: stinking Wettable | metalaxyl | 20.00% | oz per 100 lb | smut, flag smut, loose smut, Powder | | | of seed | early season Septoria disease Bayer | | | | complex, early season CropScience | | | | Rhizoctonia root rot, early | | | | season common root rot, early | | | | season Fusarium foot rot, | | | | early season suppression of | | | | powdery mildew, early season | | | | suppression of wheat leaf rust, | | | | seedborne Fusarium scab, | | | | general seed rots and Pythium | | | | damping-off | | | | Wheat green forage may be grazed | | | | or harvested for hay 31 days | | | | after seeding. | | | | The pouches of Raxil XT are | | | | water soluble. One 0.5 lb | | | | pouch of Raxil XT Wettable | | | | Powder should be used to treat | | | | 40-50 hundredweights of seed. | | | | Applications should be made | | | | using standard slurry or | | | | mist-type seed treatment | | | | equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Rival Flowable | captan | 19.80% | 4.0 fl oz per | For protection from seed and Bayer | PCNB | 8.40% | 100 lb of seed| soilborne diseases which CropScience |thiabendazole| 1.00% | | cause seed decay, damping-off | | | | (including Rhizoctonia spp.) | | | | and seedling blights. | | | | For use only by commercial | | | | seed treaters. For use only | | | | in closed system commercial | | | | seed treatment equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ RTU Flowable | thiram | 12.60% | 6.6 fl oz per | Provides protection from Bayer |thiabendazole| 0.34% | 100 lb of seed| seedborne and soilborne CropScience | | | | diseases which cause damping- | | | | off, seed decay, seedling | | | | blight and seedborne common | | | | bunt (stinking smut) during | | | | germination and early | | | | seedling stages. | | | | Apply as a slurry suspension. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ RTU-Baytan- | triadimenol | 5.00% | 4.5 to 9.0 fl | Target diseases: scab, stinking Thiram | thiram | 15.3% | oz per 100 lb | smut, flag smut, loose smut, Bayer | | | of seed | glume blotch, foot rot, take- CropScience | | | | all, Pythium rot; as well | | | | as early season powdery mildew, | | | | leaf rust and stripe rust. | | | | Apply the 4.5 fl oz rate for | | | | control of smuts and the | | | | 9.0 fl oz rate for control | | | | or suppression of the other | | | | diseases. | | | | Green forage may be grazed 40 | | | | days after seeding. | | | | Ready to use seed treatment | | | | and application should be | | | | made using standard slurry | | | | or mist-type commercial seed | | | | treatment equipment. Not for | | | | use on agricultural | | | | establishments in hopper box, | | | | planter box, slurry box or | | | | other seed treatment | | | | applications at or immediately | | | | before planting. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ RTU-PCNB | PCNB | 24.00% | 3.0 fl oz per | For protection against common Bayer | | | 100 lb of seed| smut or bunt, Rhizoctonia CropScience | | | | and Fusarium. | | | | RTU-PCNB should be applied | | | | utilizing on-farm or commercial | | | | seed treating equipment, | | | | which can be calibrated to | | | | accurately and uniformly | | | | apply the product to the seed. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ RTU-Vitavax | carboxin | 16.70% | 5.0 fl oz per |Combines the systemic action of Extra | imazalil | 1.20% | 100 lb of seed| carboxin, thiabendazole and Bayer |thiabendazole| 1.50% | | imazalil to reduce seed rot/ CropScience | | | | seedling diseases. It is | | | | particularly effective against | | | | Rhizoctonia solani and various | | | | Helminthosporium, Fusarium | | | | species and Penicillium dry rot. | | | | Seedborne glume blotch and | | | | Septoria nodorum and loose | | | | smut and common bunt are | | | | controlled in wheat. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for six | | | | weeks after planting. | | | | RTU-Vitavax-Extra Flowable | | | | Fungicide is a ready-to-use | | | | seed treatment, and in most | | | | situations will provide uniform | | | | coverage to seed without | | | | using water. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ RTU-Vitavax- | carboxin | 10.00% | 5.0 to 6.8 fl | Combines the systemic action Thiram | thiram | 10.00% | oz per 100 lb | of carboxin with the surface Bayer | | | of seed | action of thiram to control CropScience | | | | various seed and seedling | | | | diseases. It is particularly | | | | effective against Rhizoctonia | | | | solani and shows good activity | | | | against various Helminthosporium, | | | | Fusarium and Pythium species. | | | | In addition, loose smut, | | | | common bunt and flag smut | | | | are controlled. | | | | The higher rate is recommended | | | | where smuts and bunt are severe. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for six weeks | | | | after planting. | | | | Apply as a commercial seed | | | | treatment or as a pour-on | | | | hopper box application. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Stiletto | carboxin | 10.00% | 5.0 to 6.8 fl | Combines the systemic action Trace | thiram | 10.00% | oz per 100 lb | of carboxin and metalaxyl Chemicals LLC | metalaxyl | 1.62% | of seed | with the surface action of | | | | thiram to control certain | | | | seed rot/seedling blight | | | | diseases including Pythium, | | | | Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and | | | | Helminthosporium as well as | | | | protection from loose smut | | | | and common bunt. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for six weeks | | | | after planting. | | | | Apply as a pour-on hopper box | | | | application or through on- | | | | farm seed treatment equipment. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ 42-S Thiram | thiram | 42.00% | 2.0 fl oz per | Used according to directions, Bayer | | | bushel of seed| Bayer CropSciences 42-S Thiram CropScience | | | | will usually increase stands | | | | and yields by reducing losses | | | | from seed decay, damping-off | | | | and seedling blights caused by | | | | many seedborne and soilborne | | | | organisms. It will usually | | | | control covered smuts or bunt | | | | of wheat. | | | | 42-S Thiram should be applied | | | | with water as a suspension | | | | in the slurry-type treated | | | | specifically designed and | | | | approved for this use. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ VITAFLO-280 | carboxin | 14.90% | 3.5 to 5.0 fl | Combination of a systemic Bayer | thiram | 13.20% | oz per 100 lb | fungicide (carboxin) and a CropScience | | | of seed | contact fungicide (thiram) | | | | providing plant protection | | | | against seed and soilborne | | | | seedling diseases including | | | | damping-off and seed decay | | | | as well as loose smut and | | | | common bunt. The 3.5 fl oz | | | | rate will give partial control | | | | of true loose smut. Use the | | | | 5.0 fl oz rate for control | | | | of true loose smut. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for six | | | | weeks after planting. | | | | VITAFLO-280 can be diluted with | | | | water for use in slurry | | | | treaters. Use closed loading | | | | system. For use only by | | | | commercial seed treaters. | | | | Not for use on agricultural | | | | establishments in hopper box, | | | | planter box, slurry box or | | | | other seed treatment | | | | applications at or immediately | | | | prior to planting. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Vitavax CT | carboxin | 5.70% | 9.0 to 12.0 | Provides control of loose smut Helena Chemical | thiram | 5.70% | fl oz per 100 | and common bunt. Use the Corporation | | | lb of seed | higher rate under conditions | | | | of expected heavy disease | | | | pressure. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated area for six weeks | | | | after planting. | | | | Ready-to-use seed treatment | | | | for hopper box application. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Vitavax M | carboxin | 5.70% | 9.0 to 12.0 | Provides control of loose smut Helena Chemical | thiram | 5.70% | fl oz per 100 | and common bunt. Use the Corporation | | | lb of seed | higher rate under conditions | | | | of expected heavy disease | | | | pressure. Also contains the | | | | micronutrient molybdenum. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated area for six weeks | | | | after planting. | | | | Ready-to-use seed treatment | | | | for hopper box application. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Vitavax-PCNB | carboxin | 17.00% | 3.0 to 4.0 fl | For control of various seed Bayer | PCNB | 17.00% | oz per 100 lb | and seedling diseases. It CropScience | | | of seed | is particularly effective | | | | against Rhizoctonia solani. | | | | In addition, loose smut and | | | | common bunt are controlled. | | | | Not for use on agricultural | | | | establishments in hopper box, | | | | planter box slurry box or | | | | other seed treatment | | | | application at or immediately | | | | before planting. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Vitavax-Thiram- | carboxin | 14.00% | 5.0 fl oz per | Protects seeds against seed Lindane | thiram | 12.00% | 100 lb of seed| decay and damping-off while Bayer | lindane | 8.00% | | providing protection to seeds CropScience | | | | and seedlings against damage | | | | from wireworms and seed corn | | | | maggots. Provides protection | | | | against common bunt and loose | | | | smut. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for six | | | | weeks after planting. | | | | Apply as a ready-to-use seed | | | | treatment by machine. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Vitavax-34 | carboxin | 34.00% | 2.0 to 3.0 oz | Provides control of loose smut, Bayer | | | per 100 lb of | common bunt and flag smut. CropScience | | | seed | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for six | | | | weeks after planting. | | | | Vitavax-34 is a ready to use | | | | seed treatment which should | | | | be applied as a slurry | | | | treatment by machine. ----------------|-------------|-----------|---------------|------------------------------ Vitavax-200 | carboxin | 17.00% | 3.0 to 4.0 fl | Reduces seed rot/seedling Bayer | thiram | 17.00% | oz per 100 lb | blight diseases. It is CropScience | | | of seed | particularly effective against | | | | Rhizoctonia solani and shows | | | | good activity against various | | | | Helminthosporium, Fusarium and | | | | Pythium species. Also provides | | | | control of loose smut, common | | | | bunt and flag smut. | | | | Do not graze or feed livestock | | | | on treated areas for six | | | | weeks after planting. | | | | Apply as a slurry treatment | | | | by machine. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Laura Sweets SweetsL@missouri.edu ********************************************************************** True Armyworm Moths Numerous By Wayne Bailey The cool wet spring of 2007 produced heavy infestations of true armyworm larvae which are now being realized as newly emerged moths. True armyworm moths have uniform grayish-brown forewings and grayish-white hindwings. A small distinctive white spot or dot can be seen near the center of each forewing. The wingspan of this moth is about 1-3/8 to 1-1/2 inches in width with the main body of the moth being about 1/2 to 5/8 inches in length. True armyworm moths are readily attracted to light and to flowering shrubs, trees, grasses and other flowering vegetation. During a recent Royals game in Kansas City, thousands of moths gathered around the stadium lights. Similarly, very high numbers of moths can be flushed from grass pastures, yards, and grassy areas where tall grassy vegetation is present. This second generation of moths typically goes to lawns to lay eggs and does not bother field crops. However, grass producers are encouraged to scout grass pastures during the next few weeks to make sure second generation true armyworm larvae have not infested pastures. Wayne Bailey BaileyW@missouri.edu ********************************************************************** Black Cutworm Problems Continue in Late Planted Field Corn in Northwest Missouri By Wayne Bailey Although scattered black cutworm problems have been reported across north Missouri during the past two weeks, late infestations are prevalent in late planted corn in northwest Missouri counties. Black cutworm populations are favored by late planting and cool wet springs as has been the case this year. Several hundred acres of corn have required an insecticide rescue treatment or replanting during mid-May and continues on late planted corn at this time. Most black cutworm moths migrate into the state each spring to mate and lay eggs on winter annual weeds, crop stubble and even bare ground in some instances. Migrations of these moths often occur in waves correlated with storm fronts passing through the state from more southern states. Pheromone traps located throughout Missouri record moth captures and a model using trap capture information and weather data predicts when first cutting of field corn by black cutworm larvae will occur. Problems with this pest in late planted corn will decline as corn rapidly grows out of the seedling stages. Wayne Bailey BaileyW@missouri.edu ********************************************************************** Drying Wheat By Bill Casady Wheat will dry quickly at maturity but can rewet just as quickly even during small rains. The highest quality wheat is harvested during moderate weather without repeated rains at maturity. When rains continually threaten a wheat crop, consider harvesting when wheat is still somewhat above the market moisture content of 13.5 percent. The extra handling required to temporarily bin the wheat to dry it can outweigh the cost of delays and poor quality. Wheat dries easily, and can become overly dry very quickly, but by watching the temperature and humidity and using shallow layers, high quality wheat can be dried to near perfect final moisture content quickly. The first key is to understand the drying quality of the air and operate fans accordingly. The second key is to ensure plenty of airflow so that drying is not delayed. Using the equilibrium moisture content chart below and following daily cycles for temperature and humidity, fans can be run intermittently to utilize the best drying air. Wheat on the bottom will routinely become overly dry, but can pick up some moisture during the nighttime hours when humidity may be as high as 80 to 90 percent. The most important management decision is how full to fill the bin to get wheat dry quickly without allowing wheat on the top to spoil. As the drying front moves through the wheat, it becomes saturated so that wheat at the top will not dry until wheat below has dried. The small kernel size of wheat restricts airflow more than corn or soybean seed, so shallow depths of wheat less than about 8 feet might be appropriate for drying wheat. If necessary use more than one bin to get the wheat appropriately dry in a short period of time of just a few days and do not attempt to dry wheat much wetter than about 18 percent. Harvesting throughout the day, binning wheat harvested in the morning and delivering wheat harvested in the afternoon, can accomplish the harvest more quickly and help achieve nearly perfect market moisture contents with a minimum of delays and a minimum need for artificial drying. Avoid the temptation to use heat to dry wheat since even small amounts of heat can shift moisture contents quickly to the lower left hand corner of the equilibrium moisture content chart and severely over-dry the wheat and even cause heat damage. If you plan to hold wheat beyond immediate delivery, you will need to dry the wheat by another point or two for safe storage, but keep in mind that cooling is nearly impossible during the summer and insect prevention will be very important to keeping the wheat in good condition. Equilibrium Moisture Content for Soft Red Winter Wheat Relative Humidity Percent T F 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 35 6.3 8.3 9.8 11.1 12.3 13.5 14.8 16.3 18.3 40 6.2 8.1 9.6 10.9 12.1 13.3 14.6 16.1 18.1 50 6.0 7.9 9.4 10.6 11.8 13.0 14.2 15.7 17.6 60 5.9 7.7 9.1 10.4 11.5 12.7 13.9 15.3 17.2 70 5.7 7.5 8.9 10.1 11.3 12.4 13.6 15.0 16.9 80 5.6 7.4 8.7 9.9 11.0 12.1 13.3 14.7 16.5 90 5.5 7.2 8.5 9.7 10.8 11.9 13.0 14.4 16.2 100 5.4 7.1 8.4 9.5 10.6 11.7 12.8 14.1 15.9 Bill Casady 573 882-4370 ********************************************************************** Weather Data for the Week Ending June 25, 2007 By Pat Guinan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Monthly | Growing Weekly Temperature (deg. F) |Precip (in.)|Degree Days^ -----------------------------|------------|------------ Ext- Ext- Depart| Depart|Accum Depart Avg.Avg. reme reme from |Jun 1 from |since from Station County Max.Min. High Low Mean avg. |Jun 25 avg |Apr 1 avg. ------------------------------------------------------|------------|------------ Corning Atchison 88 65 92 58 77 2 | 1.02 -2.83 | 1384 355 St. Joseph Buchanan 85 65 88 63 75 1 | 1.76 -2.3 | 1307 244 Brunswick Chariton 86 67 90 64 76 1 | 4.38 0.15 | 1352 259 Albany Gentry 86 63 91 59 75 0 | 1.11 -2.81 | 1276 236 Auxvasse Audrain 87 66 92 62 76 1 | 1.32 -2.65 | 1363 269 Columbia Boone 86 67 90 63 76 1 | 0.84 -2.94 | 1376 225 Sanborn Field Boone 87 68 91 65 77 1 | 0.96 -2.87 | 1468 284 Williamsburg Callaway 88 66 92 61 77 3 | 1.31 -2.63 | 1395 337 Novelty Knox 84 63 90 58 74 0 | 2.53 -0.75 | 1231 170 Linneus Linn 85 64 89 59 74 0 | 5.02 0.96 | 1272 251 Monroe City Monroe 86 64 91 58 75 0 | 1.7 -1.46 | 1306 204 Versailles Morgan 87 67 90 65 76 1 | 3.56 0.02 | 1440 250 Green Ridge Pettis 87 67 91 65 76 2 | 1.16 -3.46 | 1362 305 Lamar Barton 86 67 87 65 76 0 | 13.92 9.26 | 1358 115 Cook Station Crawford 87 63 90 57 75 0 | 3 -0.55 | 1312 88 Alley Spring Shannon * * * * * * | * * | * * Round Spring Shannon 91 62 94 56 75 1 | 1.88 -1.5 | 1299 151 Delta Cape 89 66 92 60 77 0 | 1.47 -1.37 | 1508 95 Girardeau | | Cardwell Dunklin 90 68 94 64 78 -1 | 1.89 -0.81 | 1673 99 Clarkton Dunklin 90 69 93 63 79 0 | 1.62 -1.46 | 1638 94 Glennonville Dunklin 90 68 93 63 78 -1 | 1.28 -1.48 | 1623 85 Charleston Mississipp 89 68 92 63 77 0 | 3.67 0.38 | 1590 206 Portageville- 91 69 95 65 80 1 | 0.71 -2.61 | 1719 178 Delta Center Pemiscot | | Portageville- 91 68 96 63 79 0 | 0.59 -2.58 | 1718 192 Lee Farm Pemiscot | | Steele Pemiscot 92 70 96 65 80 1 | 1.11 -2.2 | 1789 244 * Complete data not available for report ‡Growing degree days are calculated by subtracting a 50 degree (Fahrenheit) base temperature from the average daily temperature. Thus, if the average temperature for the day is 75 degrees, then 25 growing degree days will have been accumulated. Pat Guinan Commercial Agriculture Program 573.882.5908 GuinanP@missouri.edu