Integrated Pest and Crop Management Newsletter Vol. 17, No. 1 January 26, 2007 Soybean Seed Treatment Fungicides (Revised January 2007) By Laura Sweets Soybean seed treatment fungicides can be effective in preventing or reducing damage from pathogens that may be carried on the seed or pathogens present in the soil that cause seed decay, seedling blights and root rots of soybean. Soybean seed treatment fungicides are recommended if there is a concern about seed-borne diseases (ex. Phomopsis seed decay), if the field has a history of a specific earlyseason soybean disease (ex. field has a history of Phytophthora root rot) or conditions at planting are not favorable for rapid germination and emergence thus favoring earlyseason soybean diseases (ex. cold and wet soils might favor Pythium seed decay and seedling blight). Soybean seed treatment fungicides will not improve the germination of seed that has a poor germination rate because of physical cracks in the seed coat, weathering during the seed production year and other physiological factors. A number of products are labeled for use on soybean seed. Basically these products can be divided into fungicides that are effective against the water mold fungi Pythium and Phytophthora or those effective against fungi other than Pythium and Phytophthora, i.e. Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Macrophomina and other soil or seed-borne fungi. Metalaxyl and mefenoxam are labeled for use against Pythium and Phytophthora. These active ingredients are available alone or in combination with other soybean seed treatment fungicides. Azoxystrobin, captan, carboxin, fludioxonil, PCNB, TBZ (thiabendazole), thiram and trifloxystrobin are labeled for use against fungi other than Pythium and Phytophthora. These active ingredients are available alone, in combinations or in combination with products effective against Pythium and Phytophthora. The following tables list soybean seed treatment fungicides by active ingredients and are divided into products effective against water mold fungi, products effective against fungi other than water molds and products that contain both types of soybean seed treatment fungicides. As with many agricultural businesses, the fungicide seed treatment industries have gone through several mergers and acquisitions. I have tried to make this list as comprehensive and current as possible; however, label registrations and products can change at any time. Before using any agricultural pesticide, read and follow directions on the label accompanying that product. Product names have been used for clarity. Reference to specific trade names does not imply endorsement of these products by the University of Missouri; discrimination is not intended against similar products not listed. Federal Law requires that bags containing treated seeds shall be labeled with the following information: "This seed has been treated with (common chemical names of active ingredients) fungicide(s). Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes." Soybean Seed Treatment Fungicides Effective Against Pythium and Phytophthora ********************************************************************* Active Ingredient Examples of Product Trade Names (Company) metalaxyl Allegiance Dry (Trace Chemicals LLC) Allegiance-FL (Bayer CropScience) Allegiance-LS (Bayer CropScience) mefenoxam Apron XL LS (Syngenta) ********************************************************************* Soybean Seed Treatment Fungicides Effective Against Fungi Other Than Pythium and Phytophthora ********************************************************************* Active Ingredient Examples of Product Trade Names (Company) azoxystrobin Dynasty (Syngenta) Protege FL (Bayer CropScience) captan Captan 30-DD (Bayer CropScience) Captan 400 (Bayer CropScience) Captan 400-C (Bayer CropScience) HiMoly/Captan-D (Trace Chemicals LLC) Rival Flowable (Bayer CropScience) Vitavax M DC (Helena) carboxin RTU-Vitavax-Thiram (Bayer CropScience) Vitaflo-280 (Bayer CropScience) Vitavax CT (Helena) Vitavax M DC (Helena) Vitavax M (Helena) Vitavax-PCNB (Bayer CropScience) Vitavax-200 (Bayer CropScience) Vitavax-34 (Bayer CropScience) fludioxonil Maxim 4FS (Syngenta) PCNB Rival Flowable (Bayer CropScience) RTU-PCNB (Bayer CropScience) Vitavax-PCNB (Bayer CropScience) TBZ (thiabendazole) LSP (Bayer CropScience) Rival Flowable (Bayer CropScience) RTU Flowable (Bayer CropScience) thiram Protector-D (Trace Chemicals LLC) Protector-L (Trace Chemicals LLC) RTU Flowable (Bayer CropScience) RTU-Vitavax-Thiram (Bayer CropScience) 42-S Thiram (Bayer CropScience) Vitaflo-280 (Bayer CropScience) Vitavax CT (Helena) Vitavax M (Helena) Vitavax-200 (Bayer CropScience) ********************************************************************* Soybean Seed Treatment Fungicides Containing Products Effective Against Both Pythium and Phytophthora and Fungi Other Than Pythium and Phytophthora ********************************************************************* Active Ingredient Examples of Product Trade Names (Company) azoxystrobin + metalaxyl SoyGard (Bayer CropScience) captan + carboxin + metalaxyl Bean Guard Allegiance (Trace Chemicals LLC) captan + PCNB + Rival Pak (Bayer CropScience) thiabendazole + metalaxyl carboxin + PCNB + metalaxyl Prevail (Trace Chemicals LLC) carboxin + thiram + metalaxyl Stiletto (Trace Chemicals LLC) Stiletto Pak (Trace Chemicals LLC) chloroneb + mefenoxam Catapult XL (Agriliance, LLC) Delta Coat XL (Agriliance, LLC) fludioxonil Maxim 4FS (Syngenta) mefenoxam + fludioxonil ApronMAXX RFC (Syngenta) ApronMAXX RTA (Syngenta) ApronMAXX RTA + Moly (Syngenta) Maxim XL (Syngenta) Warden RTA (Agriliance, LLC) thiamethoxam + mefenoxam CruiserMaxx (Syngenta + fludioxonil ) CruiserMaxx Beans (Syngenta) thiram + metalaxyl Protector-L-Allegiance (Trace Chemicals LLC) trifloxystrobin Trilex AL Flowable Fungicide (Bayer CropScience) Trilex Flowable Fungicide (Bayer CropScience) ********************************************************************* Laura Sweets Plant Pathologist, SweetsL@missouri.edu ********************* Extension Plant Diagnostic Clinic Report-2006 By Simeon Wright The Plant Diagnostic Clinic is part of the Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Service Laboratories at the University of Missouri and handles samples submitted for disease, insect, and weed identifications, as well as management recommendations. Most clinic operations are handled by clinic staff, however other Division of Plant Science Agronomy, Entomology, Horticulture, and Plant Microbiology and Pathology extension faculty handle insect and weed identification and assist when needed. The 2006 growing season represented an increase in sample submissions over the past few years. In 2006, most samples were submitted through the mail while some were personally delivered to the clinic. A few digital photos were also submitted by e-mail. Samples were submitted from 81 Missouri counties with 20 percent of submissions from Boone County. Nearly 90 percent of the samples were received between May and September. In 2006, agronomic crop samples were an important part of the total submissions to the diagnostic clinic, in addition to woody ornamentals, fruit, turf, vegetable, herbaceous ornamental, and forage samples. The top 5 plants submitted to the clinic were soybean, tomato, pine, wheat, and spruce respectively. Among agronomic crops, soybeans, wheat, corn, and sorghum were the most popular submissions. We received a lot of samples this year with environmental problems related to the dry weather, although biotic (living) disease problems were also important. For many individual plant species, we did not receive enough samples to identify trends and common problems, however large numbers of certain samples were received. Common soybean problems this year were Cercospora blight, charcoal rot, Fusarium root rot, herbicide injuries, Phomopsis pod and stem blight, and Rhizoctonia root and stem rot (Figure 1). Many of the submitted wheat samples tested positive for barley yellow dwarf virus and occasionally wheat spindle streak mosaic and wheat streak mosaic virus (Figure 2). Sorghum samples often had head blast problems that could be traced back to extremely hot, dry weather at pollination. Some sorghum samples were also infested with sorghum midge. Many corn submissions had herbicide injury symptoms, although we saw a few ear and stalk rots as well. The clinic received more samples in 2006 than had been received during the previous few years. We hope to increase this number significantly again in 2007 to better serve the people of Missouri and consequently look forward to any samples you are able to send. The more samples we receive, the more information we have about the plant problems occurring in Missouri, which can be used to provide updates during the growing season. This information can help you protect and improve the health of your plantings. While we hope your plant problems are minimal in 2007, we are ready for any samples you wish to send and hope you will continue to use our services, or send us a sample when you run into plant problems if you have not done so in the past. The more samples we receive, the more information we have about the plant problems occurring in Missouri, which can be used to provide updates during the growing season. This information can help everyone protect and improve the health of their plantings. Please see our Website at http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/plant/index.htm for more information about the plant diagnostic clinic, fees, and sample submission. You can also contact the lab at plantclinic@missouri.edu or 573-882-0623. Simeon Wright Coordinator, Plant Diagnostic Clinic WrightS@missouri.edu ********************* Most Efficient Engine Warm-up Occurs on the Go By Bill Casady Should engines be warmed before heading out of the driveway? It all depends on a number of factors, but in most cases, the simplest and best answer is no. A warm engine certainly provides more heat in the passenger compartment, but there are better ways to warm an engine than to sit idle. Internal combustion engines turn only a fraction of the energy in a gallon of fuel into useful work. In a welltuned engine, most of that lost energy is referred to as waste heat. Waste heat must be carried away by coolant to keep engine systems at proper operating temperatures. At startup, that waste heat brings oil and engine temperatures up to optimum levels. However, it can take a long time to warm an engine that is doing nothing but turning its own crankshaft. Bring engines up to operating temperature quickly and effi ciently by loading them gently and at low engine speeds as soon as the engine starts and runs smoothly. In most cases this means starting the engine and heading out the driveway immediately, but don’t be in a hurry when starting a cold engine. Accelerate gently for the first couple of minutes to allow engine oil to warm before placing a significant load on the engine. The warm-up period will be shorter and the engine will reach its most fuel effi cient operating conditions more quickly. Immediately at startup and especially on very cold days, the vaporization of fuel is an important limiting factor in the operation of spark ignition engines. Gasoline must be vaporized in order to burn. When the engine is cold, quite a bit of the fuel either condenses on cold engine parts or otherwise just fails to vaporize. In order to get enough vaporized fuel into the combustion chamber, more fuel must be metered. The unavoidable consequence is that for the first few minutes of operation, the engine wastes more fuel than it will after it is warmed. But this effect is small compared to the amount of fuel wasted by idling. All of the fuel used during idling is wasted. Don’t let a quest for fuel efficiency cloud good judgment or cloud your view of the road. Sometimes it is not practical to get on the road until the engine is producing enough heat to keep the windshield free of ice. Safety should always be a top priority, but comfort can be sacrificed. Idling during frequent stops is also not necessary even on cold days. An engine retains quite a bit of heat and will stay plenty warm without leaving the engine running. If in doubt, always follow manufacturer’s recommendations for cold weather operation and put safety first. Bill Casady Agricultural Engineering 573.882.4370 ********************* Weather data for the Week Ending January 21, 2007 By Pat Guinan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Monthly | Growing Weekly Temperature (deg. F) |Precip (in.)|Degree Days^ -----------------------------|------------|------------ Ext- Ext- Depart| Depart|Accum Depart Avg.Avg. reme reme from |Jan 1 from |since from Station County Max.Min. High Low Mean avg. |Jan 21 avg |Apr 1 avg. ------------------------------------------------------|------------|------------ Corning Atchison 28 10 37 -9 19 -5 | 0.10 -0.45 | * * St. Joseph Buchanan 29 14 38 -3 21 -4 | 0.22 -0.23 | * * Brunswick Chariton 31 15 39 1 23 -3 | 0.00 -0.88 | * * Albany Gentry 27 7 34 -9 18 -6 | 0.35 -0.29 | * * Auxvasse Audrain 31 16 38 2 24 -2 | 1.76 +0.58 | * * Columbia Boone 31 16 38 3 24 -3 | 1.92 +0.74 | * * Sanborn Field Boone 31 17 39 3 25 -3 | 1.86 +0.68 | * * Williamsburg Callaway 31 17 38 3 24 -2 | 1.84 +0.66 | * * Novelty Knox 30 14 39 1 22 -2 | 0.77 -0.02 | * * Linneus Linn 31 12 41 -2 21 -3 | 0.22 -0.33 | * * Monroe City Monroe 30 15 36 3 23 -2 | 1.81 +0.82 | * * Versailles Morgon 32 17 37 2 24 -6 | 1.43 +0.26 | * * Green Ridge Pettis 32 16 36 2 24 -3 | 1.55 +0.45 | * * Lamar Barton 30 18 36 5 24 -7 | 1.41 +0.10 | * * Cook Station Crawford 33 18 40 7 26 -5 | 3.44 +1.92 | * * Alley Spring Shannon 37 19 45 7 28 -2 | 3.41 +1.71 | * * Round Spring Shannon 36 20 43 7 28 -2 | 3.65 +1.95 | * * Delta Cape | | Girardeau 38 25 44 20 32 +1 | 4.90 +3.01 | * * Cardwell Dunklin 39 28 48 22 33 -1 | 6.92 +4.67 | * * Clarkton Dunklin 39 27 48 20 33 +1 | 6.67 +4.73 | * * Glennonville Dunklin 39 27 47 20 33 +1 | 5.74 +3.78 | * * Charleston Mississippi 40 27 54 22 33 +2 | 6.06 +4.10 | * * Portageville- | | Delta Center Pemiscot 41 28 53 22 34 +1 | 7.10 +4.84 | * * Portageville- | | Lee Farm Pemiscot 41 28 53 22 34 +2 | 5.93 +3.72 | * * Steele Pemiscot 41 29 53 22 34 +1 | 5.58 +3.36 | * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Complete data not available for report ^Growing degree days are calculated by subtracting a 50 degree (Fahrenheit) base temperature from the average daily temperature. Thus, if the average temperature for the day is 75 degrees, then 25 growing degree days will have been accumulated. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pat Guinan, Commercial Agriculture Program (573) 882-5908