Integrated Pest & Crop Management Newsletter University of Missouri-Columbia Vol. 16, No. 16 September 1, 2006 Soybean Rust Update- August 28, 2006 By Laura Sweets Development and spread of soybean rust in the southern United States continues to be slow. However, over the last few days soybean rust has been confirmed in additional parishes in Louisiana and one county in South Carolina. According to the USDA Public PIPE Website (www.sbrusa.net), soybean rust has been found on this year’s soybeans in sixteen different counties in six states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina). The rest of the positive reports for 2006 have been on kudzu. Recent shower activity has been reported in some of the infected areas and local infection has increased in some cases. Much like the 2005 season, more soybean rust finds are expected late this season. However, harvest has started in many areas of the south so losses from soybean rust for the 2006 season should be low. In Missouri we are continuing to monitor soybean rust sentinel plots. Most of the sentinel plots have reached the R4-R6 stage of growth. Thus far, soybean rust has not been detected in any samples submitted from sentinel plots. As original sentinel plots reach R5- R6 growth stage, observers are trying to locate fields in earlier stages of growth to monitor. Much of the state of Missouri has also been unusually hot and dry so conditions have not been favorable for the development of soybean rust even is spores had been introduced from the southern United States. The southeastern part of the state has had slightly better precipitation so scouting in that part of the state remains a priority. In addition to the sentinel plot program, the University of Missouri is again participating in the Syntinel RustTracker Spore Trap Network. This is a soybean rust spore monitoring program using spore traps designed to trap spores and other particles present in air moving through the spore traps. Spores and other particles are trapped in petroleum jelly coated on a microscope slide mounted in the spore trap. The slides are removed from the spore traps on a regular basis and shipped to a central laboratory for microscopic examination. Since the spores of soybean rust aren’t unique enough to be distinguished from other rust spores and even some other fungal species, only tentative identification of spores resembling those of the soybean rust pathogen has been possible with this spore trapping system. There are two spore traps located in Missouri, one in Boone County and one in Ste. Genevieve County. The slide from Ste. Genevieve County that was microscopically examined on July 25 did have one spore which resembled a soybean rust spore. The slide from the Boone County location for the week of August 1-8 did have three spores which resembled those of soybean rust. Both traps are located in sentinel plot fields and soybean rust has not been found on soybean plants in the sentinel plots surrounding the spore traps. Plants at both sites are at R4 stage of growth and weather conditions have not been favorable for rust infection nor disease development. Overall, because of continued low levels of soybean rust inoculum to the south, unfavorable weather conditions in many parts of Missouri and the advanced stage of growth of much of the soybean crop, the risk for soybean rust in Missouri remains low and further management actions are not necessary. Exceptions would be areas of the state which have or are receiving more normal rainfall and late planted or double cropped soybean fields. Those fields should be scouted on a regular basis. Bill Wiebold 573-882-0621 ##################################################################### Evaluate Winter Wheat Seed Quality Prior to Planting By Laura Sweets There were a number of stresses on the wheat crop this growing season. Hot, dry conditions were a problem in many areas of the state. Barley yellow dwarf was quite widespread åAnd the incidence of loose smut was higher than usual during the 2006 season. Therefore, if growers are saving seed to plant, it is critical that they pay special attention to testing the viability of their wheat seed in 2006. The first step is to clean the wheat seed. It is important that wheat seed be cleaned to remove small and damaged seed and to eliminate weed seeds. Removing small and damaged seed will not only aid in crop establishment it will also provide a more uniform wheat seedling stand. Removing small and damaged seed will also increase the thousand-kernel weight (TKW), which serves as a measure of seed quality. Wheat seed lots with TKW values greater than 30 grams tend to have increased fall tiller number and seedling vigor. The next step is to perform a germination test. Germination tests can either be completed at home or by sending a sample to the Missouri Seed Improvement Association. A home test can be performed by counting out 100 seeds and placing them in a damp paper towel. Place the paper towel into a plastic bag to conserve moisture and store in a warm location out of direct sunlight. After five days count the number of germinated seeds that have both an intact root and shoot. This will give the grower an estimate of percent germination. It is important to choose random seeds throughout the entire seed lot and conduct at least five 100 seed counts. The Missouri Seed Improvement Association also performs a germination test. The test requires one pound of seed and costs $12.00. For details email MOSEED@AOL.com or check the Missouri Seed Improvement Association Website at http://www.moseed.org/. If germination is below 85 percent it is important to increase the seeding rate to compensate; however seeding any wheat with a germination test below 80percent would not be recommended. The next step is to decide whether a fungicide seed treatment is necessary. A number of fungicides are labeled for use as seed treatment fungicides on winter wheat. These seed treatment fungicides protect germinating seed and young seedlings from seedborne and soilborne pathogens. Seed treatment fungicides will not improve germination of seed that has been injured by environmental factors and will not resurrect dead seed. A correct assessment of the cause of poor seed quality or poor germination rates is the first step in deciding if a seed treatment fungicide is necessary. As mentioned before loose smut was more common than usual in Missouri wheat fields during the 2006 season. Loose smut is obvious as heads emerge from the boot. All portions of the head except the rachis are converted to masses of dusty black spores. Spores produced on smutted heads are wind carried to adjacent plants in the field and infect those plants through the flowers. Later in the season loose smut is not as obvious as most of the spores on the smutted heads have been dislodged by wind and rain leaving only the bare rachis of the plant. The fungus which causes loose smut survives within the embryo of the wheat seed. The fungus survives as dormant vegetative strands within the embryo. This infection is not visible to the naked eye and will not be picked up in the standard germination test. If infected seed is planted and germinates, the fungus also begins to grow within the plant, and at heading, the fungus is at the growing tip and produces smut spores where the grain kernels should be. If seed from a field that has a "small" amount of smut in one season is used for seed, the field planted with that seed may have a substantially higher level of smut. Management of loose smut is through the planting of disease-free seed or the use of a systemic fungicide seed treatment (see accompanying table of wheat seed treatment fungicides). Growers with considerable loose smut should consider seed treatment on this grain next year, if grain is to be used for seed. In wheat, infection levels of 2 percent or greater would indicate that seed treatment would be economic. Laura Sweets 573-884-7307 ##################################################################### Ear and Kernel Rots of Corn By Laura Sweets Corn harvest is beginning in many parts of the state, so it is a little early to know which ear and kernel rots are causing problems in specific areas of the state. Diplodia ear rot, Penicillium ear rot and Gibb ear rot are common problems year in and year out but the severity varies with weather conditions close to harvest. The Penicillium ear rot and Gibb ear rot are particularly evident on the exposed tips of ears, around insects tunnels and on ears that have remained upright. If there are periods of wet weather before corn is harvested, some of the corn plants that died prematurely from drought stress may show the black discoloration caused by secondary fungi coming in on the senescing plant tissues. Most corn fields in the state did get through silking and pollination in relatively good condition and were exposed to extended periods of hot, dry weather after pollination. Therefore, the potential for Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin may not be as high as it was last year when much of the corn crop suffered from poor pollination from dry conditions as the crop was silking and pollinating. Both Diplodia maydis and Diplodia macrospora can cause Diplodia ear rot of corn. The ear leaf and husks on the ear may appear prematurely bleached or straw-colored. When the husk is peeled back, dense white to grayish-white mold growth will be matted between the kernels and between the ear and the husks. Small, black fungal fruiting bodies may be scattered on husks or embedded in cob tissues and kernels. The entire ear may be grayish-brown, shrunken, very lightweight and completely rotted. Diplodia ear rot is favored by wet weather just after silking and is more severe when corn is planted following corn. Penicillium rot is usually evident as discrete tufts or clumps of a blue-green or gray-green mold erupting through the pericarp of individual kernels or on broken kernels. Penicillium appears as small, discrete colonies of mold growth with a dusty or powdery appearance. The fungus may actually invade the kernel giving the embryo a blue discoloration. Blue-eye is the term used for this blue discoloration of the embryo. Gibb ear rot (caused by Gibberella zeae) usually begins as a reddish mold at the tip of the ear. Early infected ears may rot completely with husks adhering tightly to the ear and a pinkish to reddish mold growing between husks and ears. Although mold growth usually has a pinkish to reddish color, it can appear yellow to yellow-orange or yellow-red. Gibb ear rot typically begins at the tip of the ear but under favorable conditions it can move down the ear causing extensive damage. It may also develop around injuries from hail, birds or insects. Black corn occurs when any of a number of saprophytic or weakly parasitic fungi grow on corn plants in the field. Alternaria, Cladosporium, Aureobasidium and other species are frequently found on these discolored or black plants. Since the affected plants may have a sooty appearance these fungi are sometimes called sooty molds. These sooty molds or secondary fungi tend to develop on plants when wet or humid weather occurs as the crop is maturing or if harvest is delayed because of wet weather. Typically these fungi come in on plants that are shaded, undersized, weakened or prematurely ripened and on senescing foliage. Plants that are lodged or that have been stressed by nutrient deficiencies, plant diseases or environmental conditions may be more severely affected. Although many of these fungi produce dark or black mold growth, the color of the mold growth can range for dark or black to olive green or even pink to white. These secondary fungi tend to develop on senescing plant tissues, primarily leaf, stalk and husk tissue, but under favorable conditions can cause infection of the kernels. Infected kernels might show a black discoloration. It is possible that these sooty molds or secondary fungi could contribute to stalk deterioration or stalk rot. Lodging could become a problem in these fields, especially if there are high winds or strong storms before harvest. Grain from fields with high levels of sooty molds should be treated with care if it is stored. Grain should be thoroughly cleaned to remove lightweight, damaged or broken and moldy kernels. Grain should be stored at the proper moisture content and temperature and checked on a regular basis during storage. Aspergillus flavus is evident as greenish-yellow to mustard yellow, felt-like growth on or between kernels, especially adjacent to or in insect damaged kernels. Aspergillus flavus is favored by high temperatures and dry conditions, so Aspergillus ear rot is typically associated with drought stress. The fungus survives in plant residues and in the soil and spores are spread by wind or insects to corn silks where the spores initiate infection. These ear and kernel rots tend to be more severe on ears with insect, bird, hail or other physical damage. Ears well covered by husks and maturing in a downward position usually have less rot than ears with open husks or ears maturing in an upright position. Both Penicillium and Aspergillus can continue to develop on corn in storage if the grain is not stored at proper moisture content and temperatures. These two fungi can cause serious storage mold problems. An additional concern with ear and kernel rots of corn is the possibility of mycotoxin production. Mycotoxins are naturally produced chemicals that in small amounts may be deleterious to animal or human health. Aspergillus and Gibberella are most frequently involved in cases of mycotoxin contamination in Missouri corn. The presence of molds or their spores does not necessarily mean that mycotoxins will be produced. Circumstances that favor mold growth may allow production of mycotoxins in some situations, but frequently mold growth occurs with little or no mycotoxin production. Once formed, mycotoxins are stable and may remain in grain long after the fungus has died. In general, swine and poultry are more susceptible than ruminants to mycotoxin-induced health problems. In cases where mycotoxin problems are suspected, a sample should be submitted to a qualified laboratory for mycotoxin analysis. Little can be done to prevent or reduce the invasion of corn by fungi in the field. However, if ear and kernel rots developed in the field, it is important to harvest the field in a timely manner and to store the grain under the best possible conditions. Adjust harvest equipment for minimum kernel damage and maximum cleaning. Before storing grain, clean bins thoroughly to remove dirt, dust and any grain left in or around bins. Thoroughly clean grain going into storage to remove chaff, other foreign material and cracked or broken kernels. Dry grain to 15 percent moisture as quickly as possible and monitor grain on a regular basis throughout storage life to insure moisture and temperature are maintained at correct levels. Protect grain from insects. Laura Sweets 573-884-7307 ##################################################################### Seed Treatment Fungicides Labeled for Use on Winter Wheat By Laura Sweets Although seed treatment fungicides can be an effective means of preventing or reducing losses from various seed- and soil-borne microorganisms, there are several important laws or guidelines concerning fungicide treated seed. Always read the read the pesticide label and follow all directions and restrictions on the label but in particular for seed treatment fungicides remember the following points. **Do not use treated seed for food, feed or oil purposes. **All treated seed must be colored with an EPA-approved dye which imparts an unnatural color to the seed. **Federal law requires that bags containing treated seed shall be labeled with the following information: "This seed has been treated with (common chemical name of active ingredients) fungicide(s). Do not use treated seed for feed, food or oil purposes. Store away from feeds and food stuffs." This table was prepared using current company product label books and web sites. However, label registrations can change at any time. Before using any agricultural pesticide, read and follow directions accompanying that product. Product names have been used for clarity. Reference to specific trade names does not imply endorsement by the University of Missouri; discrimination is not intended against similar products not listed. Trade Name Common % of Rate Additional Company Chemical Active Label Name Ingredients Information Allegiance Dry metalaxyl 12.50% 1.5 to 2.0 oz. For Pythium damping-off control. Trace Chemicals LLC per 100 lbs. Treat only those seeds needed of seed for immediate use, minimizing the interval between treatment and planting. Do not carry over excess treated seed to next season. Do not use this product on seed which has been commercially treated with metalaxyl (Allegiance) fungicide. Hopper box seed treatment. Allegiance-FL metalaxyl 28.35% 0.75 fl. oz. Allegiance-FL is a systemic fungicide seed Gustafson LLC per 100 lbs. dressing specifically for control of downy mildews, of seed Pythium and Phytophthora spp. For control of other soilborne diseases, combination of Gustafson Captan and Vitavax registered formulations are compatible. Do not use with other seed treatment products unless previous experience assures compatibility. Reduced rates in combination with other fungicides: to aid in the control of seed decay and dampingoff caused by Pythium, apply 0.10 to 0.375 fl. oz. per 100 lbs. of seed only in combination with EPA registered rates of Gustafson broad-spectrum seed treatment fungicides. Allegiance-FL may be applied as a water-based slurry with other registered seed treatment insecticides and fungicides through standard slurry or mist-type commercial seed treatment equipment. Allegiance LS metalaxyl 17.70% 1.2 fl. oz. Allegiance LS is a systemic fungicide seed dressing Gustafson LLC per 100 lbs. specifically for control of downy mildews, Pythium of seed and Phytophthora spp. For control of seedborne and other soilborne diseases, the combination of Gustafson Captan, Thiram and Vitavax registered formulations are compatible. Do not use with other seed treatment products unless previous experience assures compatibility. Reduced rates in combination with other fungicides: to aid in the control of seed decay and dampingoff caused by Pythium, apply 0.175 to 0.66 fl. oz. per 100 lbs. of seed only in combination with EPA registered rates of Gustafson broad-spectrum seed treatment fungicides. Allegiance LS may be applied as a water-based slurry with other registered seed treatment insecticides and fungicides through standard slurry or mist-type commercial seed treatment equipment. Allegiance LS may be applied at planting time by thoroughly mixing with seed in the planter box or by application through on-farm seed treatment equipment. Apron XL LS mefenoxam 33.30% 0.32 to 0.64 Apron XL LS is a systemic fungicide seed dressing used Syngenta fl. oz. per specifically for protection against systemic downy mildews 100 lbs. and diseases caused by soil-borne Pythium and Phytophthora of seed spp. When a rate range is specified, use higher rates of Apron XL LS when the disease pressure is expected to be high. For Pythium damping-off protection in wheat when applied in combination with Dividend or other seed treatment products labeled for disease control in this crop: apply Apron XL LS as a seed treatment at 0.0425 to 0.085 fl. oz. per 100 lbs. of seed Apron XL LS may be applied as a water-based slurry with other registered seed treatment insecticides and fungicides through standard slurry- or mist-type commercial seed treatment equipment. Baytan 30 triadimenol 30.00% 0.75 to 1.5 Apply the 0.75 oz. rate for control of stinking smut, flag Gustafson LLC fl. oz. per smut and loose smut. Apply the 1.5 oz. rate for control or 100 lbs. suppression of glume blotch, foot rot and take-all, as well of seed as early season control of infections of powdery mildew and rusts. Green forage may be grazed 40 days after seeding. In the absence of significant disease pressure, seed treated with Baytan may emerge slightly slower than nontreated. This effect usually disappears two to three days after initial emergence. For best results, do not plant seed at depths greater than 1-1/2 inches. Baytan 30 fungicide may be applied as a water-based slurry through standard slurry or mist-type commercial seed treatment equipment. For use only by commercial seed treaters. Captan 30-DD captan 28.70% 1.50 fl. oz. Captan 30-DD Seed Protectant is a flowable concentrate Gustafson LLC per 100 lbs. especially formulated for treatment of seed prior to storage of seed and planting to protect seed from molds and other fungi causing storage loss and to protect seed from seedborne and soilborne fungi which cause seed decay, damping-off and seedling blights. Not for control of bunt or smut diseases of wheat. This product is to be used in liquid or slurry treaters. Captan 400 captan 37.40% 1.5 to 4.0 fl. Captan 400 and Captan 400-C Seed Protectants are flowable Gustafson LLC oz. per 100 concentrates especially formulated for treatment of seed lbs. of seed prior to storage and planting to protect seed from molds Captan 400-C and other fungi causing storage loss and to protect seed Gustafson LLC captan 37.40% from seedborne and soilborne fungi which cause seed decay, dampingoff and seedling blights. Not for control of bunt and smut diseases of wheat. Thoroughly mix the recommended amount of Captan 400 or 400-C Seed Protectant into the required amount of water for the slurry treater equipment and dilution rate to be used. Charter triticonazole 2.40% 3.1 fl. oz. Charter Fungicide is a liquid seed treatment used for the BASF per 100 lbs. control of loose smut and common bunt wheat; will generally of seed increase emergence and plant stands by controlling seedling blights and will also suppress early season infections caused by Fusarium crown and root rot and control seed rot and seedborne seedling blight caused by Fusarium sp. Do not store treated seed for more than 18 months. Charter Fungicide may be applied using standard commercial seed treatment equipment or on-farm seed treatment equipment, but is not intended for direct application into a planter box. Dithane DF Rainshield mancozeb 75.00% 2.3 to 3.5 oz. For control of bunt, damping-off, seed rots and seedling blights. Dow AgroSciences per 100 lbs. May be applied to dry seed with conventional slurry or mist seed of seed treating equipment or as a planterbox application. Dithane M45 2.2 to 3.3 oz. Dow AgroSciences mancozeb 80.00% per 100 lbs. of seed Dividend difenoconazole 32.80% 0.5 fl. oz. per The 0.5 fl. oz. rate is for control of common bunt, dwarf bunt, Syngenta 100 lbs. of seed flag smut, seed-borne Septoria, loose smut, general seed rots and Fusarium seed scab and for early season control of common root rot or and Rhizoctonia root rot. The 1.0 fl. oz. rate is for control of common bunt, dwarf bunt, flag smut, seed-borne Septoria, loose 1.0 fl. oz. per smut, general seed rots and Fusarium seed scab and for early 100 lbs. of seed season control of common root rot, Fusarium root rot, Fusarium crown rot, take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot as well as fall season powdery mildew, leaf rust and Septoria leaf blotch. Dividend provides control of the fall season foliage diseases for the first six weeks after planting. For the control of damping-off of wheat caused by Pythium spp., the recommended rate of Dividend must be tank mixed with Apron XL products. Green wheat forage may not be grazed until 55 days after planting. Apply Dividend as a water-based slurry through standard slurry or mist-type seed treatment equipment. Dividend XL difenoconazole 16.50% 1.0 fl. oz. per Dividend XL is a combination of Dividend and Apron XL LS. The Apron Syngenta mefenoxam 1.38% 100 lbs. of seed XL LS provides Pythium damping-off activity and the Dividend provides or activity on the remaining diseases claimed on the label. The 1.0 fl. oz. rate of Dividend Extreme and the 2.5 fl. oz. rate of Dividend XL RTA difenoconazole 3.21% 2.0 fl. oz. per Dividend XL RTA are for control of common bunt and loose smut Syngenta mefenoxam 0.27% 100 lbs. of seed The 1.0 fl. oz. rate of Dividend XL, the 5.0 fl. oz. rate of or Dividend XL RTA and the 2.0 fl. oz. rate of Dividend Extreme are for control of common bunt, dwarf bunt, flag smut, seed-borne Septoria, loose Dividend Extreme difenoconazole 7.73% 2.5 fl. oz. per smut, general seed rots, Fusarium seed scab and Pythium damping-off and Syngenta mefenoxam 1.87% 100 lbs. of seed for early season control of common root rot and Rhizoctonia root rot. or The 2.0 fl. oz. rate of Dividend XL, the 10.0 fl. oz. rate of 5.0 fl. oz. per Dividend XL RTA and the 4.0 fl. oz. rate of Dividend Extreme are for 100 lbs. of seed control of common bunt, dwarf bunt, flag smut, seed-borne Septoria, loose or smut, general seed rots, Fusarium seed scab and Pythium damping-off and 10.0 fl. oz. per for early season control of common root rot, Fusarium root rot, Fusarium 100 lbs. of seed crown rot, take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot as well as fall season or powdery mildew, leaf rust and Septoria leaf blotch. Dividend XL provides 1.0 fl. oz. per control of the fall season foliage diseases for the first six weeks after 100 lbs. of seed planting. Green wheat forage may not be grazed until 55 days after planting. or Apply Dividend XL or Dividend Extreme as a water-based slurry through 2.0 fl. oz. per standard slurry or mist-type seed treatment equipment. Dividend XL RTA is 100 lbs. of seed especially formulated for on-farm treatment, using standard mechanical or slurry- or mist-type seed treatment equipment. 4.0 fl. oz. per 100 lbs. of seed Dynasty azoxystrobin 9.60% 0.153 to Target diseases: seed-borne and soil-borne fungi causing decay, Syngenta 0.382 fl. oz. damping-off and seedling blight; seedling damping-off caused by per 100 lbs. Rhizoctonia solani, dwarf bunt and common bunt. Where appropriate use of seed Dynasty in combination with Dividend Extreme and/or Maxim seed treatment products. Apply as a water-based slurry using seed treatment application equipment that will provide uniform coverage on the seed surface. Enhance captan 19.55% 4.0 oz. per Enhance Vitavax-Captan 20-20 controls covered smut and loose smut Trace Chemicals carboxin 20.00% 100 lbs. of of wheat and tends to reduce seed rot and seedling blight caused by LLC seed soil fungi. Apply as a drill box treatment mixing thoroughly with the seed before planting. Enhance carboxin 20.00% 2.0 oz. per For protection against wireworms and certain other soil-borne insects Trace Chemicals maneb 35.00% bushel of as well as providing protection against stinking smut (bunt) and seed decay. LLC lindane 18.75% seed Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. Apply as a drill box treatment mixing thoroughly with the seed before planting. FLO-PRO IMZ For the control of common root rot. It is recommended to be used in Gustafson LLC imazalil 31.00% 0.25 to 0.5 fl. combination with Vitavax- 200 or other flowable suspension seed treatments oz. per 100 lbs. to provide additional protection against diseases. Apply using commercial of seed slurry or on-farm seed treating equipment. Gaucho XT imidacloprid 12.70% 3.4 fl. oz. per Early season disease control of Pythium damping-off, stinking smut, Gustafson LLC metalaxyl 0.82% 100 lbs. of seed flag smut, loose smut, early season Septoria disease complex, early tebuconazole 0.62% season Rhizoctonia root rot, early season common root rot, early season Fusarium root rot, early season suppression of powdery mildew and early season suppression of leaf rust as well as control of certain insects. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for 45 days after planting. See label for rotational crop restrictions. Apply as a slurry treatment prior to planting. Grain Guard mancozeb 50.00% 2.0 oz. per For control of bunt of wheat, and damping-off and seedling blights. Trace Chemicals bushel of Treat only those seeds needed for immediate use, minimizing the LLC seed interval between treatment and planting. Do not store excess treated seeds beyond planting time. Apply as a drill-box treatment mixing thoroughly so all seeds are covered. Grain Guard Plus mancozeb 50.00% 2.0 oz. per For control of bunt of wheat, and damping-off and seedling blights. Trace Chemicals lindane 18.75% bushel of Also protects seeds and seedlings from wireworm damage. LLC seed Treat only those seeds needed for immediate use, minimizing the interval between treatment and planting. Do not store excess treated seeds beyond planting time. Apply as a drill-box treatment mixing thoroughly so all seeds are covered. Incentive RTA difenoconazole 3.21% 2.5 fl. oz. per Incentive RTA is a combination of Incentive and Apron XL LS. The Apron Agriliance, LLC mefenoxam 0.27% 100 lbs. of seed XL LS provides Pythium damping-off activity and the Incentive provides or activity on the remaining diseases claimed on the label. 5.0 fl. oz. per The 2.5 fl. oz. rate of Incentive RTA is for control of common 100 lbs. of seed bunt and loose smut. or The 5.0 fl. oz. rate of Incentive RTA is for control of common 10.0 fl. oz. per bunt, dwarf bunt, flag smut, seed-borne 100 lbs. of seed Septoria, loose smut, general seed rots, Fusarium seed scab and Pythium damping-off and for partial control of common root rot and Rhizoctonia root rot. The 10.0 fl. oz. rate of Incentive RTA is for control of common bunt, dwarf bunt, flag smut, seed-Septoria, loose smut, general seed rots, Fusarium seed scab and Pythium damping-off and for partial control of common root rot, Fusarium root rot, Fusarium crown rot, take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot well as fall season powdery mildew, leaf rust and Septoria leaf blotch. Incentive RTA provides control the fall season foliage diseases for the first six weeks after planting. Green wheat forage may not be grazed until 55 days after planting. Incentive RTA is especially formulated for on-farm treatment, using standard mechanical slurry- or mist-type seed treatment equipment. Kodiak Concentrate Bacillus subtilis 2.75% 0.05 to 0.1 For suppression of root diseases caused by Fusarium and Pythium. Biological Fungicide oz. per 100 Contains bacteria which colonize the developing root system, Gustafson LLC lbs. of seed suppressing disease organisms such as Fusarium and Pythium that attack root systems. When used with a chemical seed treatment, the combination of chemicals and Kodiak provides protection to the root Kodiak Flowable Bacillus subtilis 1.37% 0.1 to 0.2 fl. for a much longer time than with chemicals alone. Biological Fungicide oz. per 100 Kodiak Concentrate and Kodiak Flowable Biological Fungicides may be Gustafson LLC lbs. of seed applied as a water-based slurry with other registered seed treatment insecticides and fungicides through standard slurry or mist commercial seed treatment equipment. Do not store mixed slurries Kodiak HB Bacillus subtilis 0.30% 4.0 to 8.0 oz. longer than 72 hours. Trace Chemicals LLC per 100 lbs. Kodiak HB is a hopper box seed treatment. of seed LSP thiabendazole 30.00% 2.0 to 4.0 fl. For control of seed- and soilborne common bunt (stinking smut). Gustafson LLC oz. per 100 For ready mix or slurry seed treaters, disperse 2.0 fl. oz. of lbs. of seed Gustafson LSP for seedborne common bunt or 4.0 fl. oz. per 100 lbs. of seed for soilborne common bunt. For wheat seed having high infection levels of seedborne Fusarium scab, a lower rate of 0.25 fl. oz. per 100 lbs. of seed is recommended. Gustafson LSP should be used as a co-fungicide combined with Raxil or Vitavax-based fungicides to include seed and seedling protection against the broad spectrum of diseases associated with the wheat crop. For use only by commercial seed treaters. Manex maneb 37.00% 3.5 to 5.2 fl. For protection against bunt, damping-off, seed rots and seedling blights. DuPont oz. per 100 Manex may be applied to dry seed with conventional slurry or mist seed lbs. of seed treating equipment or as a planter-box application. ManKocide mancozeb 15.00% 4.0 oz. per Target diseases: Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas translucens and Griffin L.L.C. copper 46.10% 100 lbs. of Tilletia caries. ManKocide may be applied to dry seed with conventional hydroxide seed slurry or mist seed treating equipment or as a planter-box application. Manzate Pro-Stick mancozeb 75.00% 2.2 to 3.3 oz. For protection against bunt, covered smut, damping-off, seed rots DuPont per 100 lbs. and seedling blights. of seed For commercial seed treatments, seeds should be clean and well-cured mancozeb 37.00% 3.5 to 5.2 fl. prior to treatment. Apply to dry seed with conventional slurry or Manzate Flowable oz. per 100 mist seed treating equipment. Griffin L.L.C. lbs. of seed Manzate Pro-Stick may also be applied as planter-box applications. Maxim XL fludioxonil 21.00% 0.167 to For protection against damping-off caused by Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia Syngenta mefenoxam 8.40% 0.334 fl. oz. spp. and Pythium spp. and general seed rots caused by Aspergillus spp. per 100 lbs. and Penicillium spp. and for protection against Tilletia (common bunt). of seed Maxim XL at the 0.084 fl. oz. may be combined with labeled rates of Dividend XL for a broader spectrum of seedling disease protection. Apply Maxim XL as a water-based slurry utilizing standard slurry seed treatment equipment which provides uniform coverage. Maxim 4FS fludioxonil 40.30% 0.08 to 0.16 For protection against seed-borne and soil-borne fungi that cause Syngenta fl. oz. per seed decay, damping-off and seedling blight. 100 lbs. of Cereal forage may not be grazed until 30 days after planting. seed Apply Maxim 4FS as a water-based slurry utilizing standard slurry seed treatment equipment. Mertect LSP thiabendazole 30.00% 2.0 to 4.0 fl. Recommended for the control of seed- and soil-borne common Syngenta oz. per bushel bunt attacking wheat; also aids in the control of dwarf bunt. Systemic fungicide especially formulated as a liquid suspension seed protectant for use as a spray or slurry seed treatment. Penncozeb 75DF mancozeb 75.00% 2.3 to 3.5 oz. For control of bunt, damping off, seed rots and seedling blights. Cerexagri per 100 lbs. For planter box treatment only. of seed mancozeb 80.00% 2.2 to 3.3 oz. Penncozeb 80WP per 100 lbs. Cerexagri of seed Prevail carboxin 15.00% 1.5 to 3.0 oz. For protection against Pythium and Rhizoctonia seedling disease Trace Chemicals PCNB 15.00% per bushel complex and loose smut and common bunt or stinking smut. LLC metalaxyl 3.12% Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. Prevail may be applied at planting time, utilizing an on-farm mechanical treater to maximize seed coverage. Protege azoxystrobin 9.60% 0.153 to Target diseases: seed-borne and soil-borne fungi causing decay, Syngenta 0.382 fl. oz. damping-off, and seedling blight; Rhizoctonia seedling blight, per 100 lbs. dwarf bunt (partial control) and common bunt. of seed Where appropriate use Protege in combination with Dividend Extreme and/or Maxim seed treatment products. Raxil MD tebuconazole 0.48% 5.0 to 6.5 fl. Aids in the control or suppression of the following seed, seedling Gustafson LLC metalaxyl 0.64% oz. per 100 and soilborne diseases of wheat: stinking smut, flag smut, loose smut, lbs. of seed early season Septoria disease complex, general seed rots, Pythium damping-off, early season Rhizoctonia root rot, early season common root rot, seedborne Fusarium scab, early season Fusarium foot rot, early season suppression of powdery mildew and rust. Wheat green forage may be grazed or harvested for hay 31 days after seeding. Applications should be made using standard slurry or mist-type seed treatment equipment. This product is for commercial or on-farm application. This product is no intended for direct application into planter box. Raxil MD Extra tebuconazole 0.43% 5.0 fl. oz. Aids in the control or suppression of the following seed, seedling Gustafson LLC metalaxyl 0.58% per 100 lbs. and soilborne diseases of wheat: stinking smut, flag smut, loose smut, imazalil 1.00% of seed early season Septoria disease complex, general seed rots, Pythium damping-off, early season Rhizoctonia root rot, early season common root rot, seedborne Fusarium scab, early season Fusarium foot rot, early season suppression of powdery mildew and rust. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. Applications should be made using standard slurry or mist-type seed treatment equipment. This product is for commercial or on-farm application. This product is no intended for direct application into a planter box. Raxil MD-W imidacloprid 1.538% 5.0 fl. oz. Aids in the control or suppression of the following seed, seedling and Gustafson LLC tebuconazole 0.461% per 100 lbs. soilborne diseases of wheat: stinking smut, flag smut, loose smut, metalaxyl 0.615% of seed early season Septoria disease complex, general seed rots, Pythium damping-off, early season Rhizoctonia root rot, early season common root rot, seedborne Fusarium scab, early season Fusarium foot rot, early season suppression of powdery mildew and rust. Imidacloprid offers suppression of wireworm activity on seed and young seedlings. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for 45 days after planting. See label for rotational crop restrictions. Applications should be made using standard slurry or mist-type seed treatment equipment. This product is for commercial or on-farm application. This product is no intended for direct application into a planter box. Raxil-Thiram tebuconazole 0.60% 3.5 to 4.6 fl. Additional Label Information Gustafson LLC thiram 20.00% oz. per 100 Targeted diseases: stinking smut, flag smut, loose smut early season lbs. of seed Septoria complex, general seed rots, Pythium damping-off, early season Rhizoctonia root rot, early season common root rot, seedborne Fusarium scab, early season Fusarium foot rot, early season suppression of powdery mildew, early season suppression of wheat leaf rust. Wheat green forage may be grazed or harvested for hay 31 days after seeding. Application should be made using standard slurry or mist-type seed treatment equipment. Raxil XT Wettable tebuconazole 15.00% 0.16 to 0.20 Targeted diseases: stinking smut, flag smut, loose smut, early season Powder metalaxyl 20.00% oz. per 100 Septoria disease complex, early season Rhizoctonia root rot, early Gustafson LLC lbs. of seed season common root rot, early season Fusarium foot rot, early season suppression of powdery mildew, early season suppression of wheat leaf rust, seedborne Fusarium scab, general seed rots and Pythium damping-off Wheat green forage may be grazed or harvested for hay 31 days after seeding. The pouches of Raxil XT are water soluble. One 0.5 lb. pouch of Raxil XT Wettable Powder should be used to treat 40-50 hundredweights of seed. Applications should be made using standard slurry or misttype seed treatment equipment. Rival Flowable captan 19.80% 4.0 fl. oz. For protection from seed and soilborne diseases which cause seed Gustafson LLC PCNB 8.40% per 100 lbs. decay, damping-off (including Rhizoctonia spp.) and seedling blights. thiabendazole 1.00% of seed For use only by commercial seed treaters. For use only in closed system commercial seed treatment equipment. RTU Flowable thiram 12.60% 6.6 fl. oz. Provides protection from seedborne and soilborne diseases which cause Gustafson LLC thiabendazole 0.34% per 100 lbs. damping-off, seed decay, seedling blight and seedborne common bunt of seed (stinking smut) during germination and early seedling stages. Apply as a slurry suspension. RTU-Baytan-Thiram triadimenol 5.00% 4.5 to 9.0 fl. Target diseases: scab, stinking smut, flag smut, loose smut, glume Gustafson LLC thiram 15.3% oz. per 100 blotch, foot rot, take-all, Pythium rot; as well as early season lbs. of seed powdery mildew, leaf rust and stripe rust. Apply the 4.5 fl. oz. rate for control of smuts and the 9.0 fl. oz. rate for control or suppression of the other diseases. Green forage may be grazed 40 days after seeding. Ready to use seed treatment and application should be made using standard slurry or mist-type commercial seed treatment equipment. Not for use on agricultural establishments in hopper box, planter box, slurry box or other seed treatment applications at or immediately before planting. RTU-PCNB PCNB 24.00% 3.0 fl. oz. For protection against common smut or bunt, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium. Gustafson LLC per 100 lbs. RTU-PCNB should be applied utilizing on-farm or commercial seed of seed treating equipment, which can be calibrated to accurately and uniformly apply the product to the seed. RTU-Vitavax-Thiram carboxin 10.00% 5.0 to 6.8 fl. Combines the systemic action of carboxin with the surface action Gustafson LLC thiram 10.00% oz. per 100 of thiram to control various seed and seedling diseases. It is lbs. of seed particularly effective against Rhizoctonia solani and shows good activity against various Helminthosporium, Fusarium and Pythium species. In addition, loose smut, common bunt and flag smut are controlled. The higher rate is recommended where smuts and bunt are severe. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. Apply as a commercial seed treatment or as a pour-on hopper box application. Stiletto carboxin 10.00% 5.0 to 6.8 fl. Combines the systemic action of carboxin and metalaxyl with the Trace Chemicals thiram 10.00% oz. per 100 surface action of thiram to control certain seed rot/seedling blight LLC metalaxyl 1.62% lbs. of seed diseases including Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium and Helminthosporium as well as protection from loose smut and common bunt. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. Apply as a pour-on hopper box application or through on-farm seed treatment equipment. 42-S Thiram thiram 42.00% 2.0 fl. oz. Used according to directions, Gustafson 42-S Thiram will usually increase Gustafson LLC per bushel of stands and yields by reducing losses from seed decay, damping-off and seed seedling blights caused by many seedborne and soilborne organisms. It will usually control covered smuts or bunt of wheat. 42-S Thiram should be applied with water as a suspension in the slurry-type treated specifically designed and approved for this use. VITAFLO-280 carboxin 14.90% 3.5 to 5.0 fl. Combination of a systemic fungicide (Vitavax) and a contact fungicide Gustafson LLC thiram 13.20% oz. per 100 (thiram) providing plant protection against seed and soilborne seedling diseases lbs. of seed including damping-off and seed decay as well as loose smut and common bunt. The 3.5 fl. oz. rate will give partial control of true loose smut. Use the 5.0 fl. oz. rate for control of true loose smut. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. VITAFLO-280 can be diluted with water for use in slurry treaters. Use closed loading system. For use only by commercial seed treaters. Not for use on agricultural establishments in hopper box, planter box, slurry box or other seed treatment applications at or immediately prior to planting. Vitavax CT carboxin 5.70% 9.0 to 12.0 fl. Provides control of loose smut and common bunt. Use the higher rate under Helena Chemical thiram 5.70% oz. per of conditions of expected heavy disease pressure. Corporation 100 lbs. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated area for six weeks after planting. Ready-to-use seed treatment for hopper box application. Vitavax M carboxin 5.70% 9.0 to 12.0 fl. Provides control of loose smut and common bunt. Use the higher rate under Helena Chemical thiram 5.70% oz. per of conditions of expected heavy disease pressure. Also contains the micronutrient Corporation 100 lbs. molybdenum. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated area for six weeks after planting. Ready-to-use seed treatment for hopper box application. Vitavax-PCNB carboxin 17.00% 3.0 to 4.0 fl. For control of various seed and seedling diseases. It is particularly Gustafson LLC PCNB 17.00% oz. per of effective against Rhizoctonia solani. In addition, loose smut and common bunt 100 lbs. are controlled. Not for use on agricultural establishments in hopper box, planter box slurry box or other seed treatment application at or immediately before planting. Vitavax-Thiram- carboxin 14.00% 5.0 fl. oz. Protects seeds against seed decay and damping-off while providing protection Lindane thiram 12.00% per 100 lbs. to seeds and seedlings against damage from wireworms and seed corn maggots. Gustafson LLC lindane 8.00% of seed Provides protection against common bunt and loose smut. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. Apply as a ready-to-use seed treatment by machine. Vitavax T-L carboxin 10.00% 5.0 to 6.8 fl. For control of various seed and seedling diseases. It is particularly Trace Chemicals thiram 10.00% oz. per of effective against Rhizoctonia solani and shows good activity against various LLC 100 lbs. Helminthosporium, Fusarium and Pythium species. Also controls loose smut, common bunt and flag smut. The higher rate is recommended where smuts and bunts are severe. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. Apply as a pour-on hopper box application. Vitavax-34 carboxin 34.00% 2.0 to 3.0 fl. Provides control of loose smut, common bunt and flag smut. Gustafson LLC oz. per of Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. 100 lbs. Vitavax-34 is a ready to use seed treatment which should be applied as a slurry treatment by machine. Vitavax-200 carboxin 17.00% 3.0 to 4.0 fl. Reduces seed rot/seedling blight diseases. It is particularly effective against Gustafson LLC thiram 17.00% oz. per of Rhizoctonia solani and shows good activity against various Helminthosporium, 100 lbs. Fusarium and Pythium species. Also provides control of loose smut, common bunt and flag smut. Do not graze or feed livestock on treated areas for six weeks after planting. Apply as a slurry treatment by machine. Laura Sweets 573-884-7307 ##################################################################### Soybean Aphid found in Northeast Missouri By Wayne Bailey Clinton Meinhardt, MU extension agronomists in northeast Missouri, has found soybean aphid in several producer fields. Soybean most at risk are double crop or late planted beans in the early reproductive stages of growth. Most fields in the area are in the late reproductive stages of R5 or R6 and should have reduced risk from this pest. Cool temperatures will favor the growth of aphid infestations, but beneficial insects will help reduce numbers. This insect is capable of very rapid reproduction with a new generation produced ever 5-10 days depending on temperatures. Adults give birth to living young with all sizes of aphids sucking juices from soybean plants. The economic threshold at which treatment is justified is an average of 250 or more aphids per plant during growth stages of R1 (flowering) to R5 (pod fill). There is some data from Canada that suggest yields can be protected even when beans are sprayed with an insecticide in growth stage R6. Most more northern states have not found this to be the case in their states. The greatest benefit from control of this pest is realized at the early stages of reproductive growth (R1-R3) and diminishes as the plants develop through the later reproductive stages. Several insecticides are labeled and effective at reducing pest numbers. Due to the late date of the soybean aphid infestations in northeast Missouri, the soybean aphid is unlikely to be a major economic pest in most soybean fields this season. Although numbers are low in most fields, producers are encouraged to scout for the aphids in order to determine pest status in their fields. Wayne Bailey Entomology 573-882-2838 573-864-9905 ##################################################################### Insect Damage to Soybean Pods and Foliage By Wayne Bailey Foliage and pod damage from insect feeding continue to occur in many soybean fields statewide. Bean leaf beetle adults, green cloverworm larvae, yellow woolybear larvae, a few fall armyworm and grasshoppers all feed on soybean foliage during this time of the season. The economic threshold for defoliation of soybean is 20 percent or greater during pod fill. Some fields have reached or exceeded this amount of defoliation and required an insecticide application, although defoliation damage in most fields statewide at this time has not reached the threshold. This may change as second generation bean leaf beetles emerge and feed prior to moving to overwintering sites. Of greater concern is damage to soybean pods caused by bean leaf beetle adults, grasshoppers, corn earworm larvae (soybean pod worm), and fall armyworm larvae. The economic threshold for pod damage is 5-10 percent or more of pods damaged by insect feeding. Pod damage in excess of 10 percent can be found in many fields throughout the state. With 2nd generation bean leaf beetle adults still increasing in numbers, it is important that soybean producers scout fields and determine the percent of pods damaged. In most fields bean leaf beetle are the most serious pest and should be the target of an insecticide application. Most insecticides for bean leaf beetle will provide control of other common insect pests found in the field at the time of application. Chemical | Name Product | Name Rates: Amount of Product /acre | | (unless otherwise noted) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ permethrin | *Ambush | 3.2 to 6.4 fl oz esfenvalerate | *Asana XL | 5.8 to 9.6 fl oz cyfluthrin | *Baythroid | 2 0.8 to 1.6 fl oz dimethoate | Dimethoate; Dimate | see specific label methomyl | *Lannate LV | 0.75 to 1.5 pts methomyl | *Lannate SP | 0.25 to 0.5 lb thiodicarb | *Larvin 3.2EC | 18 to 30 fl oz chlorpyrifos | *Lorsban 4E | 1 to 2 pts zeta-cypermethrin | *Mustang Max | 2.0 to 2.8 fl oz chlorpyrifos | *Nufos 4E | 1 to 2 pts methyl parathion | *Penncap-M | 2 to 3 pts permethrin | *Pounce 3.2EC | 2 to 4 fl oz gamma-cyhalothrin | *Proaxis | 1.92 to 3.2 fl oz carbaryl | Sevin XLR Plus | 1 to 2 pts lambda-cyhalothrin | *Warrior | 1.92 to 3.2 fl oz --------------------------------------------------------------------- * indicates Restricted Use Wayne Bailey Entomology 573-882-2838 573-864-9905 ##################################################################### Field Crop Disease Update for August 28, 2006 By Laura Sweets Corn There have been a few reports of charcoal rot in corn. Charcoal rot may begin as a root rot and move into the lower internodes of the stalks. Brown, water-soaked lesions develop on the roots. As the plant matures, the fungus spreads into the lower internodes of the stalk, causing premature ripening of the plant, shredding of pith tissues and breaking of the stalks at the crown. The charcoal rot fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina, produces small survival structures called microsclerotia, which may be visible as small, black flecks just beneath the stalk surface of on the vascular strands remaining in the interior of the shredded stalks. The stalk and pith may have a silvery gray to gray or bluish-gray cast from the buildup of microsclerotia in these plant tissues. The charcoal rot fungus is a pathogen that affects soybean and sorghum plants as well as corn. The microsclerotia produced by Macrophomina phaseolina are survival structures which enable the fungus to survive in the soil for extended periods of time. Charcoal rot is severe in hot, dry seasons. Soil temperatures near 90 degrees F are favorable for disease development while low soil temperatures and high soil moisture decrease disease development. Soybean Charcoal rot has also been found in both full season and double crop soybeans. Symptoms typically begin to develop as plants move into reproductive stages of growth. Infected plants are less vigorous and have smaller leaves. Leaves may turn yellow and wilt. Leaves eventually turn brown and have a dry appearance. The taproot and lower stem develop a silvery gray to light-gray discoloration of the epidermis (outer layer of the soybean stem). The epidermis may flake away or shred away from the stem, giving the stems a tattered appearance. Fine black specks or microsclerotia may be evident in tissues below the epidermis and eventually in epidermal tissues. Again, charcoal rot is favored by hot, dry weather. There has also been another flush of bean pod mottle in some fields. Fields which received rain over the last week or so and have had bean leaf beetle may also be showing symptoms of bean pod mottle. Bean pod mottle causes a green to yellow mottling of young leaves in the upper canopy. Laura Sweets 573-884-7307 ##################################################################### Upcoming Events Second Annual Tomato Festival Bradford Research and Extension Center September 7, 2006 Informational talks scheduled for 4:30 and 6:00 (talks run approximately 10 minutes each) The history of tomato breeding and types of tomatoes. Tomato cultivation. Peppers and their uses. South Farm Showcase Saturday, September 16 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. University of Missouri South Farm, 3600 New Haven Road, Columbia For more information, contact Beverly Spencer, 573-882-7488 or e-mail at spencerb@missouri.edu Southwest Center 2006 Field Day Friday, September 8 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. 4 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon on Highway H For more information, contact Richard Crawford, 417-466-2148 or e-mail at crawfordr@missouri.edu ##################################################################### Weather data for the Week Ending August 9, 2006 By Pat Guinan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Monthly | Growing Weekly Temperature (deg. F) |Precip (in.)|Degree Days^ -----------------------------|------------|------------ Ext- Ext- Depart| Depart|Accum Depart Avg.Avg. reme reme from |Aug 1 from |since from Station County Max.Min. High Low Mean avg. |Aug 28 avg |Apr 1 avg. ------------------------------------------------------|------------|------------ Corning Atchison 83 67 92 61 74 -1 | 5.59 +2.14 | 3215 +566 St. Joseph Buchanan 83 66 91 60 74 -1 | 7.10 +3.58 | 3148 +446 Brunswick Chariton 88 65 96 59 76 +1 | 6.69 +2.87 | 3148 +401 Albany Gentry 84 65 90 59 74 -1 | 9.26 +5.59 | 2990 +281 Auxvasse Audrain 86 66 91 60 75 0 | 2.28 -0.96 | 3103 +344 Columbia Boone 87 67 93 64 76 0 | 4.67 +1.10 | 3211 +348 Sanborn Field Boone 88 68 94 65 77 0 | 4.22 +0.68 | 3408 +480 Williamsburg Callaway 87 65 90 61 75 0 | 4.73 +1.49 | * * Novelty Knox 85 65 88 61 74 -1 | 6.75 +3.72 | 2894 +189 Linneus Linn 85 65 89 60 74 -1 | 4.67 +1.22 | 2951 +316 Monroe City Monroe 87 65 91 59 75 0 | 3.25 -0.13 | 3011 +247 Versailles Morgon 91 68 96 65 79 +3 | 1.76 -1.65 | 3442 +533 Green Ridge Pettis 90 67 97 63 78 +3 | 2.28 -1.25 | 3347 +628 Lamar Barton 92 68 97 64 79 +1 | 1.59 -1.53 | 3433 +402 Cook Station Crawford 88 64 92 56 75 -2 | 3.80 +0.16 | 3076 +121 Alley Spring Shannon 89 63 92 56 74 -2 | 1.66 -1.67 | 2966 +166 Round Spring Shannon 86 64 90 58 74 -2 | 2.85 -0.48 | 2998 +197 Delta Cape | | Girardeau 88 64 92 58 75 -3 | 7.83 +5.22 | 3225 -14 Cardwell Dunklin 89 66 93 59 77 -2 | 2.48 +0.51 | 3641 +156 Clarkton Dunklin 89 66 92 60 77 -2 | 1.95 -0.10 | 3559 +115 Glennonville Dunklin 88 66 91 59 77 -2 | 4.97 +3.03 | 3550 +120 Charleston Mississippi 90 65 93 60 77 0 | 2.99 +0.60 | 3433 +239 Portageville- | | Delta Center Pemiscot 88 69 92 63 78 -1 | 1.73 -0.43 | 3684 +267 Portageville- | | Lee Farm Pemiscot 89 68 93 60 78 -1 | 1.58 -0.70 | 3696 +303 Steele Pemiscot 89 68 92 62 78 -1 | 5.27 +2.93 | 3783 +372 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Complete data not available for report ^Growing degree days are calculated by subtracting a 50 degree (Fahrenheit) base temperature from the average daily temperature. Thus, if the average temperature for the day is 75 degrees, then 25 growing degree days will have been accumulated. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pat Guinan, Commercial Agriculture Program (573) 882-5908