Integrated Pest & Crop Management Newsletter University of Missouri-Columbia Vol. 15, No. 21 December 16, 2005 Missouri Herbicide and Weed Update for 2006 By Kevin Bradley and Andy Kendig New Herbicides and Systems I. Corn Resolve is a new herbicide from DuPont that contains rimsulfuron, which is one of the active ingredients in Steadfast. Resolve is recommended at rates ranging from 0.75 to 1 oz per acre as a preemergence herbicide that can be applied with products like atrazine for residual control of select weeds prior to planting or Resolve can also be applied as a tank-mix partner with glyphosate in RR corn to add residual activity to the postemergence glyphosate application. Resolve should not be applied to corn that is taller than 12 inches or exhibiting 6 or more leaf collars, whichever is more restrictive. A standard Resolve application rate of 0.75 oz per acre will cost approximately $6.00 per acre. Generic Metolachlor Products. Recently, there have been several new generic metolachlor products introduced onto the marketplace. The Stalwart line of products from Sipcam Agro USA are some of the more popular of these products in Missouri, but Me-Too-Lachlor and Me-Too-Lachlor II are also generic metolachlor products from Drexler. Stalwart is registered for use in cotton and soybean while Stalwart C and Stalwart Xtra (metolachlor + atrazine) are registered for use in corn. Me-Too-Lachlor is registered for use in cotton and soybeans while Me-Too-Lachlor II is registered for use in corn. All of these products contain the active ingredient metolachlor, which technically is a mixture of equal parts of two isomer pairs of metolachlor, commonly referred to as the R and S isomers. This was also the case with the metolachlor within the older Dual and Dual II products from Syngenta, but is not the case with Dual Magnum and Dual II Magnum. Dual Magnum and Dual II Magnum are enriched, or resolved, with the S-isomer of metolachlor, which has been demonstrated to be more biologically active than the earlier “mixed isomer” formulations. For these reasons, generic metolachlor products such as those within the Stalwart line should not be considered “equivalent” to the same rates of Dual Magnum and Dual II Magnum. Although we normally consider generic products to be the same as the original trade name products (as with the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate), this may not be the case with the new generic metolachlors. For an excellent review of this topic, see a recent article written by Dr. Bob Hartzler at Iowa State University: http:www.weeds.iastate. edu/mgmt/2004/stalwart2.shtml. Another, perhaps less obvious, difference in these new products is the safener that is utilized to provide safety to corn. For example, Dual II Magnum, Dual Magnum, and Bicep II Magnum from Syngenta contain the safener benoxacor. The safener in Stalwart C is dichlormid. Some weed scientists have suggested that there may be differences in corn safety as a result of the different safeners in these products, which is a topic currently being investigated at several universities across the U.S. II. Soybeans Select Max is an enhanced formulation of Select with 0.97 lbs of clethodim compared to 2 lbs of clethodim in Select. Select Max may be applied at a variety of rates ranging from 6 to 24 fluid ounces per acre, depending on the height and type of grass weed species targeted. A crop oil concentrate or non-ionic surfactant in addition to ammonium sulfate is recommended for use with Select Max applications. The use rate for Select Max on volunteer Roundup Ready corn in soybeans will be 6 fluid ounces per acre on corn up to 12 inches in height, 9 fluid ounces for corn up to 18 inches in height, and 12 fluid ounces for corn up to 36 inches in height. Generic Metolachlor Products. See information pertaining to these products above in the corn section. III. Wheat Olympus Flex is a new prepackaged herbicide mixture from Bayer CropScience for use in wheat. The active ingredients in Olympus Flex are propoxycarbazone-sodium (the active ingredient in Olympus) and mesosulfuron, both of which are ALS-inhibitors. Olympus Flex can be applied to winter wheat from emergence up to jointing at rates ranging from 3 to 3.5 ounces per acre. A non-ionic surfactant plus an ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is required with all Olympus Flex applications. Standard rates of Olympus Flex will cost approximately $12.00 per acre. Olympus Flex will provide wheat growers with a new option for the selective control of Bromus species like downy brome, cheat, and Japanese brome in Missouri wheat fields. In our research trials conducted in Missouri, we have seen downy brome control ranging from 70 to 75 percent with a standard fall application of Olympus Flex. This is as good or better control than other comparisons we have evaluated in these trials, and this herbicide will allow a grower to double-crop soybeans following a fall application. This has not been the case with other herbicides like Olympus and Maverick which have replant restrictions that prevent the planting of double-crop soybeans in Missouri. Olympus Flex is also registered for the control of Italian ryegrass which is becoming more of a problem in some of the southern areas of the state and also for the control of some winter annual broadleaf weeds like shepherd’s-purse, field pennycress, and certain mustards. IV. Grass Pastures and Hay Milestone is a new herbicide from Dow AgroSciences that will be available for use in Missouri in 2006. Milestone contains a new active ingredient, aminopyralid, which is a growth-regulator-type herbicide. Milestone contains 2 lbs of aminopyralid acid per gallon and will primarily be marketed for herbaceous weed control in pastures and rangeland. Milestone may be applied at rates ranging from 3 to 7 fluid ounces per acre. Milestone will provide control of a variety of annual broadleaf weeds and is also particularly effective on species like musk, bull, and Canada thistle. Additionally, Milestone provides good control of perennials like bull nettle or horsenettle and spotted knapweed, which has become more of a problem in some of the southwestern areas of the state. Milestone is registered as a non-restricted use pesticide, meaning that a pesticide license is not required to apply this herbicide, and does not have any grazing or haying restriction intervals that must be maintained after application. These characteristics of Milestone may help to fill a need for certain pasture and hay producers in Missouri. The 4 fluid ounce rate of Milestone is expected to cost between $11.00 and $12.00 per acre. Milestone plus 2, 4-D is another prepackaged herbicide concept from Dow AgroSciences that is expected to be released in early 2006 but does not currently have a label in the U.S. At the time of this printing, a specific trade name is not known for this prepackaged combination. This mixture is expected to provide better control of certain perennial weeds like vervains, goldenrod, and ironweed compared to applications of Milestone alone. V. Alfalfa Roundup Ready Alfalfa became available for use in mid-2005 however seed supplies should reach a level where this technology will realistically be available to producers in Missouri in the spring of 2006. Priority on seed supplies has obviously been given to other states and regions that have larger acreages of commercial alfalfa production. There are many issues surrounding the release of Roundup Ready alfalfa and perhaps the biggest is price. The technology fee for a 50 lb bag of seed in Missouri will be approximately $125.00, or put another way the technology fee will run approximately $2.50 per lb of seed planted. This price does not include the cost of the seed itself, this is the technology fee only. We feel that for smaller acreage alfalfa producers, the cost of this technology is hard to justify. However, we feel that Roundup Ready alfalfa could prove useful for spring establishment of alfalfa and for the control of troublesome weeds like curly dock that are difficult to eliminate with current herbicidal options. As we continue to conduct our research trials with Roundup Ready alfalfa, the economic utility of this system versus conventional alfalfa production systems will become a more important component of our investigations. VI. Cotton Generic Metolachlor Products. See information pertaining to these products above in the corn section. Roundup Ready Flex Cotton. Roundup Ready Flex cotton will be available in 2006. Flex cotton allows glyphosate to be used over-the-top through most of the growing season, as opposed to only before the 5-leaf stage. Seed is available for approximately 30 to 40% of cotton acres. It is recommended that special "Flex-Cotton" glyphosate formulations be used, as some formulations can cause a burning or speckling, surfactant-line phytotoxicity. These formulations will be available from Monsanto (a special emblem will be on Monsanto-branded glyphosate), as well as other glyphosate suppliers. VII. Burndown/Fallow Gramoxone Inteon is a new, safer formulation of paraquat from Syngenta. Gramoxone Inteon contains 2 lbs of paraquat per gallon compared to Gramoxone Max which contains 3 lbs of paraquat per gallon. Gramoxone Inteon will be registered in a similar manner and in similar environments as Gramoxone Max. In addition to the obvious changes in use rates, this formulation will be much safer for users than previous Gramoxone formulations. Label Updates I. Corn Distinct is now registered for preplant application in corn. Distinct may be applied at 2 to 8 ounces per acre depending on the weeds present and choice of tank-mix partners. Corn can be planted 14 days after a Distinct application of 6 ounces or less, and 21 days if greater than 6 ounces is used. In corn, the Aim label will be modified for use up to the 14-collar growth stage. II. Soybean In soybean, the Aim label will be modified for use up to the 10th trifoliate. Additionally, Aim has received a harvest aid label with a 3 day preharvest interval for the burndown of large weeds like pigweed that may be remaining at harvest. All remaining stocks of Authority 75DF from DuPont have been sold out and FMC expects to have Spartan 4F available as the only formulation of sulfentrazone available in 2006. Spartan 4F may be used at 4 ½ to 12 fluid ounces per acre depending on soil type, organic matter, and pH. The price of Spartan is expected to increase considerably compared to the old Spartan or Authority dry formulations. Valor has received several special 24C labels for fall weed control in soybeans. These labels are valid for use throughout Missouri except in the boot heel counties of Butler, Dunkin, Mississippi, New Madrid, Pemiscott, Scott, and Stoddard. These labels include the following possible herbicide combinations: 1.) Valor + Scepter + Glyphosate and/or 2, 4-D ester, 2.) Valor + Express or Express XP + 2, 4-D ester, 3.) Valor + Canopy EX + 2, 4-D ester or glyphosate, 4.) Valor + Synchrony XP. Synchrony XP (mp) is a new extruded paste formulation of Synchrony STS (Classic + Harmony GT). It has the same relative ratio of components as the older Synchrony STS, but has a lower overall percentage of active ingredients. For example, the 1/2 oz rate of Synchrony STS is equivalent to 3/4 oz of Synchrony XP. Experimental Herbicides and Systems I. Corn KIH-485 is a new experimental herbicide from Kumiai America that is being investigated at a number of university research trials throughout the country as a preemergence corn herbicide, although other crop labels may also be pursued before this product comes onto the market. In our research trials, the spectrum of weeds controlled with KIH-485 appears to be similar to the preemergence acetanilide herbicides used in corn such as Dual II Magnum and Harness. In many university trials, however, KIH-485 has consistently provided better control of certain key weeds like common ragweed, velvetleaf, broadleaf signalgrass, and Texas panicum when compared to these other products. Update on Herbicide Resistant Weeds I. Common Ragweed A biotype of common ragweed resistant to glyphosate was discovered in Missouri in 2004. So far, this common ragweed population is confined to approximately 20 acres in a field with a history of glyphosate use in long-term soybean production. In greenhouse experiments, it appears that this biotype is approximately 10 times more resistant to glyphosate than a susceptible common ragweed biotype. In field trials, the addition of lactofen (Cobra or Phoenix) to a standard in-crop glyphosate treatment significantly enhanced control of this species. Resistant common ragweed plants also exhibited a shorter growth habit when compared to other wild-type biotypes. Additional studies are being conducted to further understand the mechanism of resistance in this species. We have received a few more glyphosate failure complaints on common ragweed in 2005 and glyphosate resistance is suspected (but not confirmed) in at least one other location in Missouri. In the remaining cases, however, resistance is not suspected and it appears that poor ragweed control may have been related to poor application timing, poor choice of glyphosate rate, ragweed plants that were too large at application, the presence of a ragweed borer infesting these plants, or a combination of these factors. II. Common Waterhemp Two biotypes of common waterhemp that are potentially resistant to glyphosate were discovered in northwest Missouri in 2005. Initial greenhouse dose-response investigations indicate that both biotypes are resistant to glyphosate at above-labeled glyphosate rates. For example, a high percentage of individuals in one of the populations survived treatment with as much as 6 lbs of glyphosate acid per acre when sprayed at a 6-inch height. The initial seed from this northwest Missouri population was collected from a 190 acre field and surveys are underway to determine the prevalence of this biotype in surrounding fields. Results from all initial experiments indicate that these biotypes are glyphosate-resistant, however additional field and heritability studies need to be conducted before this can be confirmed. Additional field experiments are planned for 2006 to determine best management programs for glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp in corn and soybean. III. Palmer Amaranth Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (a pigweed species) was discovered in 2005 in a Roundup-Ready cotton field in Georgia. Palmer amaranth is already a troublesome weed in Missouri cotton production, and was a major driving force in the adoption of Roundup Ready cotton. Weed scientists are concerned that glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth will be very difficult and expensive problem to manage, and are urging growers to include alternative chemistry wherever possible in a Roundup Ready cotton program. Growers using the flex cotton should still apply traditional, residual layby-type chemistry. Early postemergence mixtures of glyphosate and metolachlor-type products are also encouraged, along with preemergence herbicides. Kevin Bradley and Andy Kendig 573-882-4039 and 573-379-4031 ********* Load Management Can Save Farmers Money By Joe Henggeler, PhD Just as farmers seek ways to cut their production costs, energy companies are also looking for cost-cutting practices. In energy load management programs, both parties can end up doing this. Energy companies face the problem that power consumption by customers is never steady throughout the day. There are certain parts of the day when customers use more energy, called peak loads. And just like the city which has to construct and maintain road networks large enough to handle rush hour traffic, utility companies have to invest in generating and grid capacity to handle these peak loads. Energy companies are oftentimes willing to sell energy at cheaper rates, if the customer agrees to help out by refraining from drawing energy during these peak use periods. Reducing the peak by balancing out customer energy consumption during the day leads to lower capital costs for energy companies. Peak energy loads occur in the summer during the heat of the day when air conditioning use is at its highest, around 4 to 8 PM. However, besides differences in diurnal use patterns, there are seasonal energy use patterns, also. Since the summer time is the biggest user of electricity, reducing energy loads during the other seasons is not nearly important to a utility, and thus there would probably be few load management programs outside of summer. A couple of farming activities that are big energy users for local utility companies are irrigation pumping and crop drying. Of the two, irrigation would probably be of more interest to utilities since it occurs in full summer. However, crop drying that occurs in late summer still might qualify in load management programs. SEMO Electric Coop in Sikeston, MO has about half of its 1135 irrigation accounts using load management. Irrigators in the program are not able to irrigate during the 4-hour peak period all week during July and August. This is managed by a circuit board timer installed in the control panel that turns off units around 4 PM, and then back on four hours later at 8 PM. The actual cut-off and re-start time is staggered among the 500 plus pumps in a 45-minute time band to avoid power surges. The financial incentive results in a 30 to 60% savings. Load management would save the typical farmer who flood irrigates about $16,000 and the pivot irrigator (who uses smaller pump sizes) about $8,000 The Ozark Border Electric Coop in Poplar Bluff has about 93% of their 2,614 irrigation accounts participating in their load reduction program. The program cuts pivot energy costs 30% and flood energy costs a whopping 78%. If a farmer is a heavy electric energy user, load management incentives are worth exploring with his electric utility company. However, not every coop provides the load reduction program. Check with yours to see if they do. Kansas City Power & Light, Columbia Water and Light, and Ameren, as well as the following electric cooperatives have load management programs of some sort: Boone, Crawford, Grundy, Laclede, Macon, Osage Valley, and United Electric. Joe Henggeler, PhD University of Missouri Delta Center ******** Air Quality Regulations By Ray Massey Several air quality problems associated with agriculture are recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA estimates that there are about 2 million diesel engines in use in agriculture. Agriculture is also estimated to produce 19 percent of PM 2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 microns) emissions and 8 percent of NOx emissions. They recognize that biodiesel may result in a small increase in NOx emissions. EPA’s National Clean Diesel Campaign seeks to achieve significant diesel emissions reductions in agricultural activity through voluntary, incentive-based approaches. They are creating partnerships, supporting demonstration projects and providing education and technical assistance to promote clean diesel through repowers, replacements, retrofits and cleaner fuels. On the regulatory side, the EPA, in 2004, revised clean air regulations which include nonroad diesel engine emissions. The new rule sets new standards for cleaner engine technologies effective in 2008. By 2010, sulfur levels in diesel fuel used in agriculture must be reduced from 3,000 ppm to 15 ppm. Prescribed burns are also receiving increased attention for their impact on air quality. The extent to which ambient emissions from agricultural practices are allowed are location specific. Each state must have a State Implementation Plan for the Clean Air Act. Any restrictions on burning in MO would likely come from the MO Department of Natural Resources for areas that are specified as "nonattainment areas." Backyard burning is a concern because the burning of household trash releases toxins into the air that remain near the farmstead. Dust from unpaved roads is an issue in some areas. At this point, there are no increased air quality regulations for agriculture promulgated by the EPA. Ray Massey 573-884-7788 ******** Exercise Energy Efficient Crop Production Practices By Ray Massey Crop producers and associated agricultural businesses join together with agricultural specialists for the Ag Crop Management Conference once a year in December to discuss the latest technology, the most recent special problems, and methods to improve profitability while protecting our natural resources and improving the lives of the people involved in agriculture. This year, the cost of energy has been the subject of many discussions and a line item in our budgets that has grown significantly and become a cause for concern and debate. Participants of the 2005 conference took home information they can use to improve energy efficiency and competitive advantage. Energy efficiency is best achieved if we make it a part of our state of mind. Conservation, efficiency, and profitability are not at all mutually exclusive objectives. Fuel efficient management and crop production practices typically improve business performance and profitability. Less energy intensive production strategies reduce expenses as well as financial risk. Following are some specific tips for answering the call to improve fuel efficiency. Perform regular and timely tractor/engine maintenance and tune-ups. Replace oil and fuel filters at least as often as recommended. The results of a University of Missouri tractor clinic (Schumacher et al) revealed that fuel efficiency could be improved significantly even when replaced before the regularly scheduled maintenance interval. In the study, the average increase was 3½%. The potential increase in efficiency by changing extremely dirty filters can be 10%, 20%, or more depending on the situation. Don’t forget tune-ups. Other basic adjustments such as adjusting throttle linkages, adjusting no-load high idle and timing the injection pump can also improve performance, especially for older tractors. Use the right tractor, gear and throttle settings. Use the tractor that is best matched to the load. A larger than necessary tractor operating at partial load is less efficient than the right-sized tractor. When this is not possible, then use the “Gear Up and Throttle Back” strategy. A larger than necessary tractor uses as much as 30% more fuel, but operated at partial throttle that fuel efficiency can be largely reclaimed. Fine tune weights and tire pressure to maximize performance. Tractors can be heavier than necessary to the point that it costs real money, and it doesn’t take a lot of extra weight to cause serious reductions in fuel efficiency. The explanation is simple. A tractor must have enough weight to pull the load with maximum tractive efficiency. The weight of the tractor causes tracks; and the tractor is constantly crawling out of those tracks. This constant tracking through the field requires extra fuel and explains a larger part of the power lost in the field. A tractor that is too heavy is constantly crawling out of even deeper tracks. Refer to MU publication G1235 Tractor Tire and Ballast Management for details available also on the web at http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/agengin/g01235.h tm. Tire pressure should be adequate to support the load on the tractor, but no more. Today’s radial tires are designed to be operated at pressures of as little as 6 or 7 psi, but only when tractors are equipped with large enough tires to do so or when the tractor is light enough to do so. A larger tire naturally has a longer footprint, so it delivers power to the ground more efficiently and that improves fuel efficiency. The only side effect is reduced compaction and we can certainly live with that. Reduce trips across the field. Combine field operations and consider using no-till. It’s that simple. Implement energy efficient strategies to dry grain. Dry grain naturally or increase both fuel efficiency and drying efficiency with techniques such as combination drying. Remove the first several points of moisture with heat and then remove the rest with natural air and/or during the cooling process. For a propane price of $1.50 and electricity at 8 cents, the difference between drying in a high temperature dryer compared to waiting for a lower moisture content and using natural air drying can amount to more than $30 per acre. Avoid over-drying grain. An over-dried bin is doubly inefficient. You pay extra for the over-drying; then you receive less for the over-dried grain. Look for more detailed information about energy efficiency for all aspects of crop production as it becomes available on our website: agebb.missouri.edu. Bill Casady 573-882-4370 ******** IPCM 2005 Index Alfalfa Insects Alfalfa weevil 14, 29, 40, 48 Chemicals Insecticides Ambush 32, 41, 65, 69 Ambush 2E 15, 21, 41 Asana 32, 41 Asana XL 65, 69 Baythroid 2 15, 21, 32, 41, 65, 69 Capture 2EC 32, 41, 65 Cruiser 6, 32 Decis 1.5 EC 69 Dimethoate 69 Discipline 2EC 65 Fanfare 2EC 32, 65 Furadan 4F 15, 21, 41 Imidan 70-W 15, 41 Lannate LV 64, 65, 69 Larvin 3EC 69 Lorsban 4E 15, 21, 32, 41, 65, 69 Mustang Max 15, 21, 32, 41, 64, 65, 69 Nufos 4E 15, 21, 32, 41, 65, 69 Penncap-M 64, 65, 69 Poncho 6, 32 Pounce 3.2EC 15, 21, 32, 41, 65, 69 Proaxis 15, 21, 32, 41, 64, 65, 69 Sevin XLR 69 Sevin XLR Plus 64, 65 Tracer 4SC 64, 65 Warrior 15, 21, 32, 41, 64, 65, 69 Herbicides 2, 4-D 12, 30 Aatrex 44 Banvel 12 Bicep II Magnum 45 Bullet 44 Callisto 45 Camix 45 Cimarron 30 Cimarron Max 30 Cinch 45 Cinch ATZ 45 Clarity 12 Define 45 Degree 44 Degree Xtra 44 Diuron 30 Dual II Magnum 45 Frontier 45 FulTime 44 G-Max Lite 45 Grazon P+D 30 Guardsman 45 Guardsman Max 45 Harmony Xtra 12 Harness 44 Harness Xtra 44 Hornet 45 Journey 30 Keystone 44 Lexar 45 Lumax 45 MCPA 12 Microtech 44 Olympus 12 Osprey 12 Outlook 45 Prowl H2O 45 Python 45 Sencor 12 Stalwart Xtra 45 Surpass 44 TopNotch 44 Fungicides Azoxystrobin 5 Bravo Weather Stik 26 Bumper 41.8 EC 26 Captan 5 Carboxin 5 Dithane DF 34 Dithane F-45 Rainshield 34 Dithane M45 34 Domark 230ME 27 Echo 720 26 Echo 90DF 26 Fludioxonil 5 Folicur 3.6 F 27 Headline 26, 34 Headline BSR 27 Kumulus DF 34 Laredo EC 26 Manzate 75DF 35 Manzate 80WP 35 Manzate Flowable 35 ManKocide 35 Mefenoxam 5 Metalaxyl 5 PCNB 5 Penncozeb 75DF 35 Penncozeb 80WP 35 PropiMax EC 26, 36 Stratego 27, 37 TBZ (thiabendazole) 5 Thiram 5 Tilt 26, 37 Quadris 26, 36 Quilt 27, 36 Glyphosate-resistant weeds 1 Corn Black corn fields 101 Corn stalk rots 91 Channeling grain 94 Diseases Late season diseases 92 Seed decay 39 Seedling blight 39 Stewart’s bacterial wilt 63 Ear and kernel rots 99 Freeze Damage 52 Harvesting 97 Herbicide injury 51, 71 Insects Armyworm 65 Black cutworm 25, 32, 65 Cutworm 48 Dingy cutworm 41 Flea beetle 22 Purple corn 52 Equipment Autosteer 60 Hand lenses 43 Microscopes 46 Sprayer output 33 Farm Management Autosteer 60 Cooling grain 115 Crop insurance 100 Endophyte-infected tall fescue 60 Value-added opportunities 39 Fertilizer Anhydrous ammonia 100, 117 Fall nitrogen 97 High prices 107, 113 Nitrogen 49, 111 Phosphorus Runoff 6 Grain Cooling grain 115 Grain drying 107 Grain marketing 29 Stored grain 103 Insect Pests Alfalfa Alfalfa weevil 14, 20, 29, 40, 48 Corn Armyworm 65 Black cutworm 25, 32, 65 Cutworm 48 Dingy cutworm 41 Flea beetle 22 Fescue Armyworm 64 Grasshopper nymphs 79 Soybean Aphid 6, 72, 88 Bean leaf beetle 68 Spider mites 81, 87 Wheat Armyworm 64 Plant Diseases Corn Diseases Seed decay 39 Seedling blight 39 Stewart’s bacterial wilt 63 Field crop diseases 89, 108 Plant Diagnostic Clinic 7, 88 Soybean Diseases Asian rust 10, 23, 82, 102 Early diseases 67 Fungicides 26 Fusarium 67 Pythium 67 Phytophthora 67 Resistance options 13 Rhizoctonia 67 Septoria brown spot 82 Soybean cyst nematode 82, 84 Wheat Diseases Barley yellow dwarf 11 Fusarium head blight 59 Leaf rust 10, 31 Leaf stripe 27 Powdery mildew 33 Scab of wheat 59 Septoria leaf blotch 27, 31 Spindle streak mosaic 11 Stagonospora glume blotch 31 Stem rust 31 Streak mosaic 11 Stripe rust 33, 59 Soilborne mosaic 11 Tan spot 31 Rice Draining 88 Soil Soil Testing 19 Soybean Crop insurance 2 Discolored seed 112 Diseases Asian rust 10, 23, 76 Early diseases 67 Fungicides 26 Fusarium 67 Resistance options 13 Pythium 67 Phytophthora 67 Rhizoctonia 67 Drought 87 Early-maturing varieties 3 Freeze damage 52 Glyphosate and Fungicides 75 Insects Aphid 6, 72 Bean leaf beetle 68 Purple corn 52 Rust resistance 13 Spraying Cleaning and storing 83 Pesticide use limitations 21 Second spraying 81 Sprayer output 33 Weather Soil Temperatures 51 Weather Data Chart 4, 9, 17, 28, 38, 42, 50, 58, 62, 66, 70, 74, 80, 86, 90, 98, 106, 110, 114, 118 Weevil Alfalfa weevil 14, 20, 29 Beneficial weevils 20 Flower head weevil 20 Rosette weevil 20 Weeds Bermudagrass 30 Cheat 12 Downy brome 12 Field pennycress 12 Glyphosate resistance 1 Henbit 12 Mustards 12 Sericea lespedeza 93 Shepherd’s-purse 12 Wild garlic 12 Wheat Diseases Barley yellow dwarf 11 Fusarium head blight 59 Leaf rust 10, 31 Leaf stripe 27 Powdery mildew 33 Scab of wheat 59 Septoria leaf blotch 27, 31 Spindle streak mosaic 11 Stagonospora glume blotch 31 Stem rust 31 Streak mosaic 11 Stripe rust 33, 59 Soilborne mosaic 11 Tan spot 31 Weed Control 12 Wheat disease update 63 ******** Weather Data for the Week Ending December 16, 2005 By Pat Guinan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Monthly | Growing Weekly Temperature (deg. F) |Precip (in.)|Degree Days^ -----------------------------|------------|------------ Ext- Ext- Depart| Depart| Deprt Avg.Avg. reme reme from |Dec 1- from |Apr 1 from Station County Max.Min. High Low Mean avg. |Dec 12 avg. |Oct 31 avg ------------------------------------------------------|------------|------------ Corning Atchison 28 9 48 -6 19 -11 | 0.17 -0.40| 4040 +738 St. Joseph Buchanan 28 14 46 1 21 -11 | 0.12 -0.60| 3855 +453 Brunswick Chariton 28 11 46 -4 21 -12 | 0.01 -0.86| 3945 +469 Albany Gentry 27 6 43 -17 19 -12 | 0.23 -0.44| 3697 +301 Auxvasse Audrain 30 15 43 1 23 -10 | 0.08 -1.08| 3969 +478 Columbia Boone 30 16 44 0 24 -11 | 0.02 -0.97| 4021 +371 Sanborn Field Boone 31 18 44 4 25 -10 | 0.04 -0.96| 4244 +514 Novelty Knox 27 10 41 -4 20 -12 | 0.11 -0.98| 3726 +308 Linneus Linn 28 11 44 -5 20 -11 | 0.02 -0.85| 3744 +423 Monroe City Monroe 28 13 42 -5 21 -11 | 0.02 -1.10| 3859 +366 Versailles Morgan 33 18 47 2 26 -10 | 0.00 -1.03| 4282 +556 Green Ridge Pettis 31 15 46 -1 23 -11 | 0.01 -1.07| 4105 +670 Lamar Barton 36 15 54 2 26 -11 | 0.00 -1.20| 4273 +332 Cook Station Crawford 37 18 48 0 28 -10 | 0.07 -1.32| 3763 -40 Alley Spring Shannon 41 14 53 -2 28 -10 | 0.10 -1.29| * * Round Spring Shannon 41 14 51 0 27 -11 | 0.10 -1.29| * * Delta Cape | | Girardeau 36 17 49 -2 27 -12 | 0.10 -1.50| 4147 -20 Cardwell Dunklin 41 23 54 14 32 -9 | 0.09 -1.77| 4654 +131 Clarkton Dunklin 39 19 51 5 30 -10 | 0.10 -1.34| 4585 +122 Glennonville Dunklin 39 20 50 4 30 -10 | 0.08 -1.35| 4517 +79 Charleston Mississippi 37 17 49 2 28 -11 | 0.59 -1.11| 4432 +332 Portageville- | | Delta Center Pemiscot 39 23 51 13 31 -10 | 0.26 -1.49| 4728 +301 Portageville- | | Lee Farm Pemiscot 39 22 50 13 31 -10 | 0.21 -1.54| 4703 +306 Steele Pemiscot 41 23 53 14 32 -9 | 0.16 -1.88| 4806 +370 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ^Growing degree days are calculated by subtracting a 50 degree (Fahrenheit) base temperature from the average daily temperature. Thus, if the average temperature for the day is 75 degrees, then 25 growing degree days will have been accumulated. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pat Guinan, Commercial Agriculture Program (573) 882-5908