Integrated Pest & Crop Management Newsletter University of Missouri-Columbia Vol. 14, No. 22 December 16, 2004 2005 Missouri Herbicide Update By Kevin Bradley and Andy Kendig ************************** New herbicides and systems ************************** Corn Lexar is a new corn herbicide from Syngenta that contains S-metolachlor (Dual II Magnum/others), atrazine, and mesotrione (Callisto) in a prepackaged mixture. Lexar can be applied from 14 days prior to planting up to 12-inch tall corn. In fields with less than 3% organic matter, Lexar should be applied at a rate of 3 quarts per acre. In fields that have 3% organic matter or greater, Lexar should be applied at 3½ quarts per acre. The 3 quart rate of Lexar is equivalent to applying 1.3 pints of Dual II Magnum, 1.3 quarts of atrazine, and 5.3 ounces of Callisto per acre. Lexar contains the same active ingredients as Lumax but at different ratios. When comparing standard use rates of the two products, Lexar generally has less Dual II Magnum, more atrazine, and an equivalent amount of Callisto per acre. This ratio and formulation appears to be better suited for the predominant weeds and soil types encountered in Missouri compared to the ratio of these products in Lumax. In 2004, Starane from DowAgroSciences received a label for use in corn in Missouri. Starane contains the active ingredient fluroxypyr, which is a growth-regulator type herbicide like 2,4-D and dicamba that acts only on broadleaf plants. Starane may be applied as a postemergence treatment on corn up to the V5 stage of growth. Drop nozzles are required for Starane applications made after the V5 stage of corn growth. The recommended use rate of Starane will be 2/3 pint per acre. Key weeds listed on the label include cocklebur, ragweed, kochia, sun ower, and velvetleaf. Starane may also be applied as a preplant burndown to control emerged weeds prior to corn planting. Starane may be tank mixed with atrazine, Hornet, Steadfast, and glyphosate in corn. Generic Metolachlor Products. Recently, there have been several new generic metolachlor products introduced onto the marketplace. The Stalwart line of products from Sipcam Agro USA are some of the more popular of these products in Missouri, but Me-Too-Lachlor and Me-Too-Lachlor II are also generic metolachlor products from Drexler. Stalwart is registered for use in cotton and soybean while Stalwart C and Stalwart Xtra (metolachlor + atrazine) are registered for use in corn. Me-Too-Lachlor is registered for use in cotton and soybeans while Me-Too-Lachlor II is registered for use in corn. All of these products contain the active ingredient metolachlor, which technically is a mixture of equal parts of two isomer pairs of metolachlor, commonly referred to as the R and S isomers. This was also the case with the metolachlor within the older Dual and Dual II products from Syngenta, but is not the case with Dual Magnum and Dual II Magnum. Dual Magnum and Dual II Magnum are enriched, or resolved, with the S-isomer of metolachlor, which has been demonstrated to be more biologically active than the earlier “mixed isomer” formulations. For these reasons, generic metolachlor products such as those within the Stalwart line should not be considered “equivalent” to the same rates of Dual Magnum and Dual II Magnum. Although we normally consider generic products to be the same as the original trade name products (as with the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate), this may not be the case with the new generic metolachlors. For an excellent review of this topic, see a recent article written by Dr. Bob Hartzler at Iowa State University: http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/2004/stalwart2.shtml. Another, perhaps less obvious, difference in these new products is the safener that is utilized to provide safety to corn. For example, Dual II Magnum, Dual Magnum, and Bicep II Magnum from Syngenta contain the safener benoxacor. The safener in Stalwart C is dichlormid. Some weed scientists have suggested that there may be differences in corn safety as a result of the different safeners in these products, which is a topic currently being investigated at several universities across the U.S. Soybean Canopy EX is a new prepackaged mix of Classic (chlorimuron) and Express (tribenuron) from DuPont. DuPont will no longer manufacture Canopy XL, which contained Classic and Authority (sulfentrazone). All remaining stocks of Canopy XL are expected to be sold out by early 2005. It is important to note that the new product does not contain Authority, which has been replaced with Express. The addition of Express can be considered a benefit for many, as Express is particularly effective on chickweed and many Canopy XL treatments were applied in combination with Express in fields where chickweed was present. The loss of Authority in this new product, however, may impact the level of summer annual weed suppression observed at planting. Our research has shown that Canopy XL provides excellent control of most winter annual weeds and often provides the added benefit of delaying the emergence of some summer annual weeds like common lambsquarters and common waterhemp. Although some research suggests that Canopy EX is likely to be as effective on winter annual weeds as Canopy XL, it does not appear that this new product will be as effective at delaying the emergence of some of our most common summer annual weeds like waterhemp. Sulfentrazone, one of the active ingredients in Canopy XL that is not included in Canopy EX, is especially good on waterhemp, so the effect of this new product on this weed remains to be seen. Canopy EX may be applied at rates ranging from 1.1 to 3.3 ounces per acre, with 2.2 ounces per acre being a standard use rate for Missouri. Unlike Canopy XL, Canopy EX can only be applied up to 45 days prior to soybean planting. Generic Metolachlor Products. See information pertaining to these products above in the corn section. Sulfentrazone. All remaining stocks of Authority 75DF from DuPont are expected to be sold out by the 2005 growing season. The active ingredient in Authority, sulfentrazone, is owned and manufactured by FMC. FMC has moved their production plants for sulfentrazone, which may tighten supplies of this active ingredient in 2005. In 2005, FMC expects to have Spartan 4F available and should have full capacity supplies of this product available by 2006. It appears that Tenkoz will still have supplies of their product, Blanket 75DF, available in 2004 and 2005. Wheat Olympus is a new ALS-inhibiting herbicide from Bayer CropScience for use in wheat. The active ingredient in Olympus is propoxycarbazone-sodium. Olympus can be applied to winter wheat from emergence up to jointing at rates ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 ounce per acre. A nonionic surfactant is required with all Olympus applications. Olympus is particularly effective on Bromus species, including Japanese brome, soft chess, ripgut brome, cheat, and downy brome, which is the species that seems to dominate in Missouri. Olympus is also registered for the control of some winter annual broadleaf weeds like shepherd’s-purse, field pennycress, and certain mustards. Although Olympus will provide good control of some grasses that are especially troublesome for some wheat growers in Missouri, the crop rotational restrictions may limit the use of this product for growers who wish to double-crop soybeans following wheat or rotate to corn in the following season. For example, corn may not be planted for 18 months after an Olympus application and conventional or RR soybeans may not be planted for 12 months after an Olympus application. STS soybeans, however, may be planted 4 months after an Olympus application, which would allow a wheat grower to make a fall Olympus application and plant double-crop STS soybeans after wheat harvest. Bayer is working to resolve the issue of crop rotational flexibility by developing a new product called Olympus Flex, which may be available to growers in the future. Osprey. Osprey is another new ALS-inhibiting herbicide from Bayer CropScience for use on wheat from the 1-leaf to 2-tiller stage at 4.75 ounces per acre. The active ingredient in Osprey is mesosulfuron. Osprey provides excellent control of Italian or annual ryegrass, which appears to be a problem for some producers in the southern portion of Missouri, but is not yet a widespread statewide problem in wheat as it is in many other areas. As Osprey is an ALSinhibiting herbicide, it is particularly effective in controlling Hoelon-resistant Italian ryegrass populations that have developed in many areas. Osprey also provides some suppression of Bromus species like downy brome and cheat, but generally less control than what is considered “commercially acceptable.” Soybeans may be planted 3 months after an Osprey application while the rotational interval for corn following an Osprey application is 12 months. Grass pastures and hay Surmount is a new prepackaged herbicide mixture from Dow AgroSciences for use in permanent grass pastures, rangeland, fencerows, nonirrigation ditch banks, and around farm buildings. Surmount contains 0.67 lb of picloram and 0.67 lb of fluroxypyr per gallon of product. Picloram is the active ingredient in Tordon and also one of the active ingredients in Grazon P+D while fluroxypyr is sold as Starane and registered for use in corn and grain sorghum. Both of these active ingredients are growth regulator-type herbicides that act on broadleaf plants only and are safe to established grasses. Key weeds listed on the Surmount label include horsenettle, ironweed, thistles, and blackberry. Surmount will be recommended primarily for brush control at rates ranging from 3 to 5 pints per acre or as a high volume foliar treatment at 1 to 1½ % v/v. Surmount can also be applied for herbaceous weed control at 1½ to 2 pints per acre. For nonlactating dairy animals and all other livestock, there are no grazing restrictions and a 7-day haying restriction following an application of Surmount. For lactating dairy animals there is a 14-day grazing and haying restriction following an application of Surmount. PastureGard is also a new prepackaged herbicide mixture from Dow AgroSciences for use in permanent grass pastures, rangeland, fencerows, nonirrigation ditch banks, and around farm buildings. PastureGard contains 1.5 lb of triclopyr and ½ lb of fluroxypyr per gallon of product. Triclopyr is an active ingredient in Remedy and Garlon and is also one of the active ingredients in Crossbow while fluroxypyr is sold as Starane. Both of these active ingredients are growth-regulator type herbicides that act on broadleaf plants only and are safe to established grasses. PastureGard is targeted primarily as a brush control product and may be applied as a broadcast treatment or on individual plants as a foliar, basal bark, or cut-stump treatment. Key weeds listed on the label include blackberry, multiflora rose, Sericea lespedeza, Osage orange, and many other woody or brush species. PastureGard can be applied for herbaceous weed control at rates ranging from 1½ to 3 pints per acre, as a broadcast treatment for brush species at 3 to 6 pints per acre, as a high volume foliar individual plant treatment at 1 to 1½ % v/v, and as a low volume basal treatment at a 1:1 ratio of PastureGard: Oil. For nonlactating dairy animals and all other livestock, there are no grazing restrictions and a 14-day haying restriction following an application of PastureGard. For lactating dairy animals, treated pastures should not be grazed or hay should not be removed from these areas until the next growing season. It appears that Aim will receive a new label that will include a variety of crops that are not currently listed on the label. It appears that this new label will allow the use of Aim on pastures or grass for seed production. As this label is pending for Missouri, the specifics of this label should be confirmed before applying Aim to any of these areas in 2005. Journey is a new prepackaged mix of imazapic and glyphosate from BASF. Imazapic was the active ingredient in Plateau, which will no longer be available for sale over-the-counter to pasture and forage producers. Journey is registered for use on a number of industrial sites, on conservation reserve program (CRP) areas, on established coastal bermudagrass, and prior to the establishment of certain native prairie grasses. However, it is important for pasture and forage producers to realize that this product is not to be used on any grass that will be grazed or used for hay. Plateau will no longer be for sale directly to growers over-the-counter but may possibly be obtained through state and federal regulatory offices such as the natural resources conservation service (NRCS). The active ingredient in Plateau is imazapic, and was one of the few herbicides that could be used in warm- and cool-season grass pastures, including sprigged and established bermudagrass, for the control of other weedy grasses like large crabgrass and giant foxtail. Cotton Generic Metolachlor Products. See information pertaining to these products above in the corn section. Grain sorghum In 2004, Starane from DowAgroSciences received a label for use in grain sorghum in Missouri. Starane contains the active ingredient fluroxypyr, which is a growth-regulator type herbicide like 2, 4-D and dicamba that acts on broadleaf plants only. Starane may be applied as a postemergence treatment on grain sorghum from the 3- to the 7-leaf stage of grain sorghum. Drop nozzles are required for Starane applications made to grain sorghum that is in the 8-leaf to the boot stage of growth. The recommended use rate of Starane will be 2/3 pint per acre. Key weeds listed on the label include cocklebur, ragweed, kochia, sunflower, and velvetleaf. Starane may also be applied as a preplant burndown to control emerged weeds after planting but prior to grain sorghum emergence. Rice Grasp is a new herbicide for use in rice. Grasp contains penoxsulam which primarily controls broadleaf weeds and also has good activity on barnyardgrass but limited activity on secondary grasses. It is formulated as a 2 lb/gal liquid and is used at rate of 2 fluid ounces per acre (0.031 lb ai/A). Burndown/Fallow/RR Crops Glyphomax XRT and Durango are new glyphosate products from Dow AgroSciences that will be available in the 2005 growing season. Both Glyphomax XRT and Durango contain the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate and are identical products. The Glyphomax XRT will be marketed as the “service” brand while Durango will be marketed as the “no service” brand. Both products are formulated as a 4 lb acid equivalent per gallon (5.4 lb active ingredient per gallon) and are fully loaded with a surfactant. The standard use rate for these products is 24 fluid ounces per acre (1½ pints per acre), which is equivalent to the 32 fluid ounce rate of other products like Glyphomax Plus, Roundup Original, etc. ************* Label updates ************* Corn It appears that Aim will receive a new label that will include a variety of new crops as well as several updates to crops that are currently included on the label. In corn, the Aim label will be modified for use past the 8-collar growth stage. Atrazine Re-registration in the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently completed a 10-year review of the health and environmental effects of atrazine. Upon completion of this review, the EPA issued a favorable re-registration decision for atrazine, indicating that farmers will be able to continue using this active ingredient in corn, grain sorghum, and on other labeled crops. As part of this review process, ALL atrazine-containing product labels must be changed to reflect minor changes that have been made with respect to watershed monitoring programs, usage, and handling of atrazine. The list of products is too extensive to be covered here but covers approximately 140 different atrazine-containing products manufactured and sold by several different chemical companies. Products currently in inventory must also be re-stickered with new supplemental labels that reflect the changes discussed above. These changes will not affect the current maximum use rates for atrazine in Missouri. Lumax. The label for Lumax will be amended to indicate that postemergence applications of this product can be made on corn from preplant up to 12 inches in height. Previously, this product could only be applied to corn that was 5 inches in height. Soybean It appears that Aim will receive a new label that will include a variety of new crops as well as several updates for crops that are currently included on the label. In soybean, the Aim label will be modified for use up to the 6th trifoliate rather than the 3rd trifoliate restriction as the label currently stands. Additionally, it appears that Aim will receive a harvest aid label for the burndown of large weeds like pigweed that may be remaining at harvest. Backdraft, a prepackaged herbicide mixture from BASF that contains the active ingredients imazaquin and glyphosate, will be discontinued in 2005. Pursuit DG and Pursuit 2AS. BASF will no longer formulate imazethapyr in a dispersible granule formulation (Pursuit DG) but will continue to market the liquid formulation of imazethapyr, sold under the trade name Pursuit 2AS. The remaining inventory of Pursuit DG is being used up but by 2005 the vast majority of imazethapyr available on the market will be sold as the liquid formulation of Pursuit. The use rate will be an important thing to consider (and not confuse) during the transition period as the standard use rate of Pursuit DG was 1.44 ounces per acre while the standard use rate of Pursuit EC is 4 fluid ounces per acre. Scepter will no longer be sold in Eco-Pacs but will be sold in 28-ounce bottles. Sequence is a prepackaged mix from Syngenta that contains 2.25 lb of the potassium salt of glyphosate on an acid equivalent basis plus 3 lb of metolachlor per gallon of product. Sequence is now registered for preemergence applications on non-Roundup Ready soybean and also for applications on Roundup Ready soybean from cracking up to the V3 (3rd trifoliate) stage of soybean growth. Sequence will primarily be used at rates ranging from 2½ to 3 pints per acre. The 2½ pint rate of Sequence is equivalent to applying 0.7 pounds of the potassium salt of glyphosate plus 1 pint of Dual II Magnum per acre while the 3 pint rate is equivalent to applying 0.8 pounds of the potassium salt of glyphosate plus 1.2 pints of Dual II Magnum per acre. As a result of the active ingredients included in this prepackaged herbicide mixture, Sequence should provide control of most annual weeds that are emerged at the time of application and also provide residual control of certain grass and small-seeded broadleaf weeds that might typically germinate after the initial herbicide application. Steadfast received a few label changes in the spring of 2004. These include allowing the use of methylated seed oils at 0.5% v/v, allowing tank-mix combinations with Callisto at 1½ to 3 fluid ounces per acre, and allowing tank-mix combinations of Lumax at 2 pints per acre on corn no more than 5 inches in height. Synchrony STS has received a new 2ee label in Kansas and Missouri that allows for fall burndowns of this product with Express. It is important to remember that Express requires a 45-day preplant interval for soybeans. Kevin Bradley, Agronomy (573) 882-4039 Andy Kendig, Agronomy, Delta Research Center (573) 379-4031 Vigilance and grain safety go hand in hand By Bill Casady Adaptation is good, but unchecked change can lead to chaos, disorder, turmoil and despair, especially when it applies to stored grain. Good grain management is about adapting a grain mass to the environment outside of the bin and at the same time preventing unchecked natural changes from occurring inside the bin. A basic understanding of equilibrium kernel moisture contents, equilibrium relative humidity of the air, and a grain mass in equilibrium with the environment reveals why we aerate as we do and why we trade grain at market moisture contents of 15.5 percent, for example, for corn. Consider the relationship between the properties of individual kernels and the air in the spaces between kernels. Individual kernels tend to come into equilibrium with the conditions of the intergranular air around them. When we use a fan to aerate grain, the fan causes outside air to replace the intergranular air in the grain mass. When we aerate grain in the fall, the air we introduce to the grain mass is usually cooler and somewhat drier than the air that would normally occupy the intergranular spaces. Hence, the grain becomes cooler and may give up a little more moisture during the cooling process, and both cooler and drier grain lead to better conditions for long-term storage. The condition of the intergranular air determines the fate of fungi and insects that can cause spoilage in grain. Storage molds or fungi are active only when temperature and moisture conditions support growth. Fungi are essentially inactive in air with less than 70 percent relative humidity. It is no accident that for relatively cool corn, (temperatures at or below 50 degrees F) the market moisture content of 15.5 percent causes the air in the intergranular spaces to fall just below 70 percent. Hence, the key to storing grain for long periods is to keep it both dry and cool and to maintain intergranular humidity below 70 percent. A lot can happen, however, when a grain mass is left unattended. A small leak in the roof or at the edge of the bin, perhaps a pocket of wetter finnes in the center of the bin, or temperature changes that can move moisture inside the bin, especially at the onset of winter can break this nice little equilibrium. To safely store shelled corn for up to half a year, we recommend drying by another point of moisture (14.5%) and by two points (13.5%) for storage up to a year. Under these drier, safer conditions, small variations in moisture inside the bin are less likely to create an out-of-control situation. A regular inspection schedule is the surest way to protect your investment. Pick a day of the week and a routine that you can live with and inspect grain on a weekly or bi-weekly basis. Be safe when entering storage bins. Never enter a bin without proper safety education and without a partner on the ground to call for help. When a pocket of grain begins to spoil, carbon dioxide begins to form and can quickly reach concentrations that can kill. Read MU publication G1969, Safe Storage and Handling of Grain, available at http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/agengin/g01969.htm for more grain safety tips. The bottom line is that a vigilant inspection schedule is more likely to prevent grain pests from reaching a critical mass that threatens your own safety as well as the safety of your stored grain investment. Be careful, be vigilant, protect, preserve, and prosper. Bill Casady, Agricultural Engineering (573) 882-4370 Big Trouble Brewing for Beans By Bill Casady Wet soybeans going into the bin now are not only wet, but frozen. This spells big trouble. But with careful management, we can avoid some of it. The problem is that the beans won’t all stay frozen. With changes in weather, some will thaw and be wet again. Have you noticed how, even on a cold day, a vehicle sitting in the sun will be warm to the touch? The outside of a storage bin behaves the same way. Sitting in the strong sunlight, the outside of a bin on a 32-degree day can keep you toasty warm by noon. It’s also nice and warm inside the bin — perhaps 70 or 80 degrees. Fungi need only 50 degrees to begin growing. As they grow, fungi make their own heat. Within a week, you could easily have a Holiday Mess on your hands under some scenarios. We can’t predict the exact scenario for any single case, and everyone will have their own scenario, but we know that high-moisture soybeans are at risk. Getting a handle on the actual moisture content is important, so take a cold sample and seal it in a plastic bag or canning jar. Allow the sample to warm above 40 degrees or so, and then test it. Have your sample tested also by professionals to be sure. Make sure to keep the sample sealed until it is tested and then replace the sample in sealed storage if you plan to have it tested again at your local elevator. Bill Casady, Agricultural Engineering (573) 882-4370 Soybeans in the field wet and cold By Bill Casady The year 2004 will be remembered as a year when moisture was both a blessing and a curse. Timely rains produced an especially abundant corn crop, leaving little room to store everything we grew. Then the rains kept coming and there were still crops in the field. Some of the remaining crops were “mudded out,” leaving fields bruised and abraded with scars that will return to haunt future crop canopies, ironically and especially, when there’s too little moisture during the growing season. The soybean is a relatively hygroscopic seed, capable of drying and rewetting quickly with the weather. It’s not uncommon for soybean moisture contents to move several points in a day. It’s easy to start harvesting at the correct moisture content in the morning and to be harvesting a very dry soybean crop at the end of the day. Now that the cold has settled in, though, soybean moisture content in the field will remain relatively high. Equilibrium moisture content for the soybean under cool wet fall and winter conditions tends to remain well above 13 percent. Recent reports of soybean moisture contents above 18 percent are cause for concern. When the time is right, these crops need to come out of the field, but they’re going to need to be dried and stored with extra care. Threshing damage will be high above 18 percent. Likewise, the risk of spoilage is high when moisture content is above 18 percent (Table 1). For example, spoilage will occur within a week for stored soybeans at 22 percent moisture content and 50 degrees. The cold helps improve storage, but not enough to protect the beans from an inevitable attack from storage molds. Drying must be done with extreme care to avoid both overdrying soybeans at the bottom of the bin and initiating conditions at the top of the bin that will promote spoilage. As is always the case, the top layer of seed will not dry until the bottom layers are dry. As air moves through the lower layers, it picks up moisture until it becomes saturated, which, of course, is known as relative humidity of 100 percent. This saturated air continues through the upper layers with no ability to cause drying. Heat improves the ability of the air to hold moisture, so drying occurs more quickly, but it doesn’t take much heat to overdry soybeans at the bottom of the bin. Research has shown that exposing soybeans to relative humidity values of less than 40 percent can cause excessive splitting. As a rule of thumb, a temperature rise of no more than about 3 to 5 degrees will reduce relative humidity enough to dry soybeans efficiently without serious overdrying. Table 2 provides equilibrium moisture contents for soybeans under various conditions. For example, suppose the air temperature is 40 degrees with 80 percent relative humidity. For these conditions, the air will not be able to reduce moisture content below 16 percent. A 5-degree rise in temperature will increase the temperature to 45 degrees, of course, and with the use of a psychrometric chart, we can predict that relative humidity will drop to 65 percent. At these conditions, we can estimate from Table 2 that soybean equilibrium moisture content would be approximately 12 percent, so drying can occur. Again, with the help of a psychrometric chart, we would predict that saturated air would leave the top layer at about 40 degrees. Using Table 1, we can predict that we have as much as 40 days to dry the top layer before it spoils. The take-home message is that it doesn’t take much heat to dry, or even to overdry, a soybean. Meanwhile, with a temperature rise of only 5 degrees (to 45 degrees), we haven’t increased the temperature so much that the top layer is in immediate danger of spoiling. But, suppose we increase the air temperature to 80 degrees. With the help of a psychrometric chart, we would predict that saturated air would leave the top layer at about 57 degrees. Again, using Table 1 we would predict that the soybeans at the top would have only about 1 week before spoilage occurs, so be careful with supplemental heat. The key to safely drying and storing a late and wet soybean crop is to use plenty of air. It doesn’t hurt anything to have as much as 2 or 3 cubic feet per minute per bushel to quickly dry the crop with little or no heat at all. Translated, this means dry shallow layers. Once a shallow layer of about 4 feet is dry, either move it to permanent storage somewhere else or add another layer on top. The second 4-foot layer will cut back on the amount of air that can flow through the bin, but at least it will begin to dry immediately because the layer below is dry. Grain drying calculations are not straightforward. Each situation is unique, and it is difficult if not almost impossible to enumerate all the possible conditions that could be encountered. But as a rule of thumb for soybeans, use no more than about 5 degrees on a typical day and absolutely no more than about 20 degrees supplemental heat on a rainy day when the relative humidity is 100 percent to safely dry soybeans without severe overdrying and risk of spoilage. ********************************************* Table 1. Allowable storage time for soybeans before significant spoilage occurs (days). --------------------------------------------- Soybean moisture content Temp 14 16 18 20 22 --------------------------------------------- 40 230 140 75 40 12 45 175 95 40 19 9 50 134 65 23 12 7 55 100 40 15 9 4 60 76 27 11 7 3 70 41 14 6 3 2 80 25 8 2 1 0 ********************************************* ********************************************* Table 2. Equilibrium moisture content for soybeans. --------------------------------------------- Temp Relative humidity (%) 50 60 70 80 90 --------------------------------------------- 32 10.0 11.8 13.7 16.2 19.8 40 9.8 11.5 13.5 16.0 19.6 50 9.5 11.2 13.2 15.7 19.4 60 9.2 11.0 13.0 15.4 19.1 70 8.9 10.7 12.7 15.2 18.9 80 8.6 10.4 12.5 15.0 18.7 ********************************************* Bill Casady, Agricultural Engineering (573) 882-4370 MU Announces Pesticide Education Program Schedule for Certification Courses By Fred Fishel The MU Extension Conference Office will soon be releasing registration brochures to dealerships and other commercial applicators for certification training programs. These programs are designed for those individuals who do not currently have certification status and are preparing to take the Missouri Department of Agriculture certification exams. A one-day certification training program will be held at four locations in the state. The following table lists dates, locations and various applicator categories that will be offered for certification training. Registration opens at 7:30 a.m. with each program beginning at 8:00 a.m. and concluding at approximately 5:00 p.m. The advanced registration fee will be $70. Coffee, donuts, a hot lunch, and handout materials are included in your training cost. Register with your credit card by calling (573) 882-6394 or toll-free at (866) 682-6663. Exam study manuals may be ordered by calling MU Extension Publications toll-free at 1-800-292-0969 or on-line at http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/miscpubs/mp0731.htm ********************************************************************** Date Location Site Categories ---------------------------------------------------------------------- January 5 Springfield AgPlant University Plaza Ornamental & Turf Structural Termite January 10 Columbia All categories Stoney Creek Inn January 19 Independence AgPlant Hilton Garden Ornamental & Turf Right-of-Way Structural Termite January 26 St. Louis AgPlant Crowne Plaza Airport Ornamental & Turf Right-of-Way Structural Termite Public Health ********************************************************************** Fred Fishel, 573-884-6361 2004 Integrated Pest and Crop Management newsletter index 24c update 17 Aeration (grain) 126 Aflatoxin 101 Alfalfa Alfalfa weevil 15, 28, 41, 55 Curly dock 53 Fall armyworm 122 Potato leafhopper 67 Weed management 53 Armyworms 58, 59, 60, 71 Automated weather station network 27 Bales, silage 11 Bees, chemical use exemption 23 Black cutworm 29, 32 Business Automated weather station network 27 Farm market 39 Fertilizer industry 17 Spraying 26 WeedSOFT 33 Carcinogenic potential (pesticide) 109 Chemicals 24c update 17 2004 herbicide update 141 Alfalfa herbicides 53 ApiLife 23 Armyworm control 59, 60, 71 Bean leaf beetle 61 Black cutworm 49 CheckMite+ 23 Coumaphos 23 Define herbicide 65 Fall herbicide application 124 Flea beetle 50 Foliar fungicides 46 Glyphosate applications 65, 86 Grasshopper control 83 Lorsban 23 Pasturegard 97 Potato leafhopper 67, 82 Quilt 25, 47, 55 Southern corn leaf beetle 50 Special registrations 23 Surmount 97 Combine compaction 107 Corn Combine compaction 107 Define (herbicide) 65 Diseases Aflatoxin 101 Anthracnose 96 Common rust 96, 113, 117 Crazy top 72 Diplodia ear rot 117 Ear rot 121 Eyespot 96 Foliage diseases 110 Gray leaf spot 96, 110, 117 Holcus leaf spot 96 Kernel rot 121 Northern corn leaf blight 96, 110, 117 Northern corn leaf spot 96 Seed decay 54 Seedling blight 54 Southern corn leaf blight 96 Southern rust 96, 113, 117 Stalk rot 115 Stewart’s bacterial wilt 58 Field crop observations 72, 92, 97 Insect pests Armyworms 58, 59, 71 Black cutworm 29, 32, 49 Brown stink bug 48 European corn borer 89 Flea beetle 20 Southern corn leaf beetle 50 Wireworm baits 14 Nitrogen carryover 25 Preemergence herbicides 22 Preplant decisions 14 Scouting 41, 49, 118 Selling strategies 138 Wet soil 22 Cotton Seedling diseases 1 Profits 131 Quality 131 Crop identification DVD 123 Deer damage 79 Equipment Fans 130 GPS receiver 73 Leaner machinery 16 Machinery maintenance 136 Planter 35 Soil compaction prevention 107 Soil penetrometers 51 Winterize engine 2 Fall herbicide application 124 Farm management Fans 130 Cleaning bins 99 Cotton management 131 Loan deficiency payment 123 Market signals (grain storage) 127 Market watch 39 Premium harvest 118 Selling strategies (corn) 138 SLAM 126 Spray planning 26 Soil compaction prevention 107 WeedSOFT 33 Fertilizer Industry 17 Nitrogen carryover 25 Urea applications 16 Flooding 69 Forage, small grains 64 Grain Aeration 126 Inspection 9 Loading 126 Management 126 Market signals 127 Safety 9 Sanitation 126 SLAM 126 Spoilage 8 Storage decisions 127 Grain cart compaction 107 Grain sorghum 73 Hail 40 Identity preserved grains 22 Insect pests Alfalfa Alfalfa weevil 15, 28 Fall armyworm 122 Potato leafhopper 67, 82 Corn Black cutworm 29, 32, 49 Brown stink bug 48 European corn borer 89 Flea beetle 20, 50 Southern corn leaf beetle 50 Soybean Bean leaf beetle 61 Burrower bugs 86 Grasshopper 83 Soybean cyst nematode 12 Wheat Armyworms 59 Bird cherry-oat aphid 13 Corn leaf aphid 13 English grain aphid 13 Fall armyworm 122 Greenbug 13 May situation 55 Pesticide evaluation 109 Update 60, 64, 93 Loan deficiency payment 123 Local need update 17 Management (farm) - See Farm Management Nitrogen 70 Pasture herbicides 97 Pesticide education schedule 132 Plant Diagnostic Clinic 33, 101 Plant diseases Corn diseases Aflatoxin 101 Anthracnose 96 Common rust 96, 113, 117 Crazy top 72 Diplodia ear rot 117 Ear rot 121 Eyespot 96 Foliage diseases 110 Gray leaf spot 96, 110, 117 Holcus leaf spot 96 Kernel rot 121 Northern corn leaf blight 96, 110, 117 Northern corn leaf spot 96 Seed decay 54 Seedling blight 54 Southern corn leaf blight 96 Southern rust 96, 113, 117 Stalk rot 115 Stewart’s bacterial wilt 58 Soybean diseases Bacterial tan spot 77 Cercospora leaf spot 112, 117 Charcoal rot 66 Colletotrichum species 112 Downy mildew 117 Early season diseases 66 Foliage diseases 77 Frogeye leaf spot 111, 117 Fusarium 66 Glyphosate applications 65 Phyllosticta leaf spot 77 Phytophthora 66 Pod and stem blight 125 Purple leaf spot 112 Purple leaf stain 112 Purple seed stain 112 Pythium 66 Rhizoctonia 66 Sclerotinia stem rot 112 Septoria brown spot 77, 111, 117 Soybean cyst nematode 12, 129 Soybean rust 78, 135 Sudden death syndrome 111, 117 White mold 112 Wheat diseases Black wheat 81 Fusarium head blight 57, 81 Hollow stem 19 Leaf blight 25 Leaf rust 41, 44 Powdery mildew 25 Scab 57 Seed-treatment fungicides 105 Septoria leaf blotch 41 Stagonospora glume blotch 44 Stem rust 44 Stripe rust 41,44 Tan spot 44 Virus diseases 24 Wheat scab 57, 81 Wheat virus 24 Rain 70, 75 Safety Cleaning bins 99 Grain safety 145 Pesticide evaluation 109 Sanitation (grain) 126 Silage, big bales 11 Software, WeedSOFT 33 Soil Compaction 51, 107 Soil penetrometer 51 Soybean Diseases Bacterial tan spot 77 Cercospora leaf spot 112, 117 Charcoal rot 66 Colletotrichum species 112 Downy mildew 117 Early season diseases 66 Foliage diseases 77 Frogeye leaf spot 111, 117 Fusarium 66 Glyphosate applications 65 Phyllosticta leaf spot 77 Phytophthora 66 Pod and stem blight 125 Purple leaf spot 112 Purple leaf stain 112 Purple seed stain 112 Pythium 66 Rhizoctonia 66 Sclerotinia stem rot 112 Septoria brown spot 77, 111, 117 Soybean cyst nematode 12, 129 Soybean rust 78, 135 Sudden death syndrome 111, 117 White mold 112 Insect pests Soybean cyst nematode 12, 129 Bean leaf beetle 61 Burrower bugs 86 Field crop observations 72, 92, 97 Glyphosate applications 65 Seed size 6 Waterhemp 74 Wet and frozen 145, 146 Specialty crops, pricing challenges 22 Spraying Business 26 Summer winterization 91 Star-of-Bethlehem 31 Urea applications 14 Water management 75 Weather Automated Weather Station Network 27 Flooding 69 Hail 40 Rain 70, 75 Weather Data Chart 4, 10, 18, 30, 36, 42, 52, 56, 62, 68, 76, 90, 94, 98, 102, 108, 114, 120, 128, 134, 140 WeedSOFT 33 Weevil Alfalfa 15, 28, 41 Beneficial weevils 39 Rosette weevil 39 Flower head weevil 39 Weeds Annual grasses 37 Curly dock 53 Field horsetail 63 Goldenrod 95 Musk thistle 5 Mustard 43 Sensitive brier 119 Star-of-Bethlehem 31 Waterhemp 74 Weed DVD 123 WeedSOFT 33 Wheat Cattle grazing 19 Diseases Black wheat 81 Fusarium head blight 57, 81 Hollow stem 19 Leaf blight 25 Leaf rust 41, 44 Powdery mildew 25 Scab 57 Seed-treatment fungicides 105 Septoria leaf blotch 41 Stagonospora glume blotch 44 Stem rust 44 Stripe rust 41,44 Tan spot 44 Virus diseases 24 Wheat scab 57, 81 Wheat virus 24 Field crop observations, June 1, 2004 72 Foliar fungicide 25, 46 Insect pests Armyworms 59 Fall armyworm 122 Spring aphid infestations 13 Jointing 19 Quilt 25 Seed quality 103 Seed-treatment fungicides 105 Weather Data for the Week Ending December 13,2004 By Pat Guinan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Monthly | Growing Weekly Temperature (deg. F) |Precip (in.)|Degree Days* -----------------------------|------------|------------ Ext- Ext- Depart| Depart|Apr 1 Depart Avg.Avg. reme reme from |Dec 1- from |thru from Station County Max.Min. High Low Mean avg. |Dec 13 avg. |Oct 31 avg. ------------------------------------------------------|------------|------------ Corning Atchison 45 28 56 16 37 +8 | 0.31 -0.30 | 3638 +364 St. Joseph Buchanan 44 29 55 19 37 +6 | 0.45 -0.33 | 3447 +38 Brunswick Chariton 44 32 53 20 38 +6 | 0.66 -0.26 | 3494 +21 Albany Gentry 44 29 56 18 37 +7 | 0.31 -0.39 | 3264 -136 Auxvasse Audrain 45 31 54 20 38 +5 | 1.19 +0.03 | 3432 -49 Columbia Boone 45 31 54 20 38 +4 | 1.10 +0.07 | 3535 -107 Sanborn Field Boone 46 33 54 21 39 +4 | 1.10 +0.05 | 3737 +23 Novelty Knox 44 30 56 18 37 +6 | 0.96 -0.13 | 3191 -223 Linneus Linn 44 30 54 18 37 +6 | 0.82 -0.05 | 3253 -69 Monroe City Monroe 45 32 53 20 38 +6 | 1.61 +0.51 | 3283 -214 Versailles Morgan 47 33 56 21 40 +4 | 0.84 -0.26 | 3752 +31 Green Ridge Pettis 45 32 53 21 39 +5 | 0.93 -0.17 | ** ** Lamar Barton 49 35 56 24 42 +5 | 1.59 +0.32 | 3911 -27 Cook Station Crawford 49 30 63 22 40 +3 | 0.95 -0.51 | 3459 -350 Delta Cape | | Girardeau 50 35 61 26 44 +6 | 1.34 -0.40 | 3916 -249 Cardwell Dunklin 54 37 62 30 47 +7 | 1.43 -0.70 | 4393 -123 Clarkton Dunklin 53 36 62 28 46 +7 | 1.80 +0.30 | 4298 -153 Glennonville Dunklin 53 37 62 28 46 +7 | 1.96 +0.50 | 4250 -179 Charleston Mississippi 52 37 63 27 45 +7 | 1.65 -0.27 | 4170 +80 Portageville- | | Delta Center Pemiscot 53 38 62 29 47 +7 | 1.75 -0.11 | 4452 +47 Portageville- | | Lee Farm Pemiscot 53 35 54 30 43 -1 | 7.26 +3.04 | 4446 +71 Steele Pemiscot 55 36 54 32 44 0 | 7.71 +3.07 | 4570 +152 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Growing degree days are calculated by subtracting a 50 degree (Fahrenheit) base temperature from the average daily temperature. Thus, if the average temperature for the day is 75 degrees, then 25 growing degree days will have been accumulated. ** Complete data not available for report -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- By Pat Guinan, Commercial Agriculture Program (573) 882-5908